diff --git a/teste.txt b/teste.txt
index 41a270e5c7beef3de3d8d62c32773efbf8bbac34..c638fa6911c5354e83f1ab86fb544d804b02972e 100644
--- a/teste.txt
+++ b/teste.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3950 @@
-apenas uma frase
-ou duas
-apenas para testar.
+Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Gettysburg, by William C. Storrick
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: The Battle of Gettysburg
+ The Country, The Contestants, The Results
+
+Author: William C. Storrick
+
+Release Date: November 20, 2015 [EBook #50504]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS
+
+
+ PAGE
+ Foreword 3
+ Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address 4
+ The Battle of Gettysburg 5-10
+ Location of the Armies. General Lee’s Plan. Lee’s First Movement.
+ Hooker’s Plan. The Appointment of Meade. Advance of Lee.
+ Meade’s Movement. Stuart’s Movement. Situation of
+ Confederate Forces on June 30th. Situation of Union Forces
+ on June 30th. The Approach.
+ The First Day 11-17
+ Arrival of Reynolds. Death of Reynolds. A Morning Lull. Arrival of
+ Rodes and Early. The Opposing Lines. Arrival of Howard.
+ Howard’s Position. The Confederate General Early’s
+ Position. The Union Retreat. Arrival of Lee. Formation of
+ Union Line. General Lee’s Report.
+ First Day Highlights 17-22
+ Death of Major-General Reynolds. The 26th Emergency Regiment. The
+ First Soldier Killed at Gettysburg. A Mysterious Letter.
+ The Flag of the 16th Maine. The Barlow-Gordon Incident.
+ General Ewell Is Hit by a Bullet. The School Teachers’
+ Regiment. An Incident of the First Day.
+ The Second Day 23-31
+ The Union Line of Battle. Confederate Line of Battle. Sickles’
+ Change of Line. General Lee’s Plan. Little Round Top. The
+ Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield. Ewell’s Attack on
+ Meade’s Right. Situation at End of the Second Day.
+ Incidents of the Second Day 32-36
+ The Roger House. Spangler’s Spring. Colonel Avery’s Lost Grave.
+ The Leister House. The Louisiana Tigers. General Meade’s
+ “Baldy.” General Lee’s “Traveller.”
+ The Third Day 37-51
+ Second Battle at Culp’s Hill. Meade’s Line of the Third Day. Lee’s
+ Line of the Third Day. The Bliss Buildings. The Artillery
+ Duel. Pickett’s Charge. The Advance. Engagements on the
+ Union Left. The Cavalry Fight on the Right Flank. The
+ Location. General Stuart’s Plan. General Gregg’s Report.
+ Lee’s Retreat. No Pursuit by Meade. The Gettysburg
+ Carriage.
+ Happenings on the Third Day 51-58
+ A Medal for Disobedience. The Wentz House. Fought with a Hatchet.
+ After the Battle. An Honest Man. Extracts from the Diary
+ of Colonel Fremantle.
+ Gettysburg and Its Military Park 59-70
+ The Soldiers’ National Cemetery 70-71
+ Lincoln at Gettysburg 72-75
+ Bibliography 76
+ Organization of the Army of the Potomac 77-79
+ Organization of the Army of Northern Virginia 79-80
+
+ Copyright, 1935, by J. Horace McFarland Company
+
+
+
+
+ THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
+ _The Country
+ The Contestants
+ The Results_
+
+
+ BY
+ W. C. STORRICK, Litt.D.
+ Retired Superintendent of Guides. For Twenty Years Connected with the
+ Gettysburg National Park Commission
+
+ _First edition, 1931_
+ _Second edition, 1935_
+ _Third edition, 1938_
+ _Fourth edition, 1944_
+ _Fifth edition, 1945_
+ _Sixth edition, 1946_
+ _Seventh edition, 1946_
+ _Eighth edition, 1947_
+ _Ninth edition, 1949_
+ _Tenth edition, 1949_
+ _Eleventh edition, 1951_
+ _Twelfth edition, 1951_
+ _Thirteenth edition, 1953_
+ _Fourteenth edition, 1954_
+ _Fifteenth edition, 1955_
+ _Sixteenth edition, 1956_
+ _Seventeenth edition, 1957_
+ _Eighteenth edition, 1959_
+ _Nineteenth edition, 1959_
+ _Twentieth edition, 1961_
+ _Twenty-first edition, 1962_
+ _Twenty-second edition, 1965_
+ _Twenty-third edition, 1966_
+ _Twenty-fourth edition, 1969_
+
+ HARRISBURG, PA.
+ THE McFARLAND COMPANY
+ 1969
+
+ [Illustration: Map of the
+ GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN
+ Map showing country through which the armies approached Gettysburg]
+
+
+
+
+ FOREWORD
+
+
+No one is better fitted to describe the Battle of Gettysburg and the
+National Park established on its site than Mr. William C. Storrick. Born
+a short distance from the field, he was seven years old at the time of
+the battle. He remembers the flight from home as the army drew near; he
+remembers also the return to a house which had been occupied by troops.
+Still more distinctly he recalls going to Gettysburg on November 19,
+standing with his hand clasped in his father’s, watching a doorway from
+which the President of the United States was shortly to appear. He shook
+hands with Lincoln, was awed by his great height, and listened eagerly
+to his plain and simple address.
+
+For more than twenty years Mr. Storrick was connected with the
+Battlefield Commission, first in charge of the farms, then of the guide
+service as well. The history of the campaign which forms a part of this
+volume was prepared at the request of the War Department.
+
+There is no corner of the field which Mr. Storrick does not know; there
+is no detail of its history which he has not studied; there is no
+disputed question of which he cannot give both sides. His clear and
+uncontroversial account of the battle is but an outline of his store of
+information upon which he plans to draw more largely in a volume of
+greater scope.
+
+ ELSIE SINGMASTER LEWARS.
+
+
+
+
+ THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
+ ·XIX NOVEMBER·MDCCCLXIII·
+ ★
+
+
+FOURSCORE & SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT
+A NEW NATION·CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY·AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT
+ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL·
+
+NOW WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR·TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION·OR
+ANY NATION SO CONCEIVED AND SO DEDICATED·CAN LONG ENDURE·WE ARE MET ON A
+GREAT BATTLE-FIELD OF THAT WAR·WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE A PORTION OF
+THAT FIELD AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE WHO HERE GAVE THEIR LIVES
+THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE·IT IS ALTOGETHER FITTING & PROPER THAT WE
+SHOULD DO THIS·
+
+BUT·IN LARGER SENSE·WE CANNOT DEDICATE—WE CANNOT CONSECRATE—WE CANNOT
+HALLOW—THIS GROUND· THE BRAVE MEN·LIVING AND DEAD·WHO STRUGGLED HERE
+HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER TO ADD OR DETRACT·THE WORLD
+WILL LITTLE NOTE NOR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE·BUT IT CAN NEVER
+FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE·IT IS FOR US·THE LIVING·RATHER· TO BE
+DEDICATED HERE TO THE UNFINISHED WORK WHICH THEY WHO FOUGHT HERE HAVE
+THUS FAR SO NOBLY ADVANCED· IT IS RATHER FOR US TO BE HERE DEDICATED TO
+THE GREAT TASK REMAINING BEFORE US—THAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD WE TAKE
+INCREASED DEVOTION TO THAT CAUSE FOR WHICH THEY GAVE THE LAST FULL
+MEASURE OF DEVOTION·THAT WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL
+NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN·THAT THIS NATION· UNDER GOD·SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH
+OF FREEDOM·AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE·BY THE PEOPLE·FOR THE
+PEOPLE·SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH·
+
+ ·ABRAHAM LINCOLN·
+
+
+
+
+ THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
+
+
+ [Illustration: Decorative Initial I]
+
+It is difficult to present a great battle with sufficient detail to
+please both the student of tactics and the average reader. If the
+visitor is not satisfied with the brief outline here presented, he is
+recommended to read further in the books listed, and especially to
+employ a guide, without whose trained and supervised services the best
+manual is inadequate. The reader in search of romance is recommended to
+the successive Incidents of the Battle as herein presented.
+
+According to official records, the Gettysburg campaign of 1863 began on
+June 3rd and ended on August 1st. No effort will be made to describe the
+movements, counter-movements, and fifty minor engagements that occurred
+before the armies crossed the Mason and Dixon’s line and finally
+concentrated at Gettysburg, where they engaged in battle on July 1st,
+2nd, and 3rd. It is necessary, however, that the visitor should
+understand the approach to the field.
+
+
+ Location of the Armies.
+
+On June 3rd the Union Army, called the Army of the Potomac, lay at
+Falmouth, Va., on the north side of the Rappahannock River,
+Major-General Joseph Hooker in command.
+
+The Confederate Army, called the Army of Northern Virginia, occupied the
+south bank, with headquarters at Fredericksburg, General Robert E. Lee
+in command.
+
+Both armies were resting after the major engagement at Chancellorsville,
+in which the Confederates were victorious.
+
+The Army of the Potomac was made up of seven infantry and one cavalry
+corps. It numbered at the time of the battle approximately 84,000.
+
+The Army of Northern Virginia was made up of three infantry corps and
+one division of cavalry. It numbered at the time of the battle about
+75,000.
+
+Following the text is a roster of officers, which should be consulted,
+both for an understanding of the battle and because of the obligation to
+honor brave men.
+
+
+ General Lee’s Plan.
+
+During the month of May, General Lee visited Richmond to discuss with
+the Confederate government various plans involving political and
+military considerations. Up to this time, the South had won the major
+victories, but her resources, both in men and sinews of war, were
+diminishing, and a prolonged conflict would be disastrous. It was
+decided that the army should invade the North via the Shenandoah and
+Cumberland valleys, with Harrisburg as an objective. This route not only
+afforded a continuous highway but put the army in a position to threaten
+Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington from the north. The Blue Ridge
+Mountains to the east would screen the advance, and the rich
+agricultural section would furnish supplies of food and forage.
+
+The time was propitious. General Lee’s army was in the prime of
+condition. The North was discouraged by losses, distrustful of Lincoln,
+weary of war. The South believed that one great victory would assure her
+the friendliness of the leading powers of Europe. Her independence once
+acknowledged, she could import the materials of war and the necessities
+of life which she lacked. It was thought certain that at the prospect of
+invasion the North would withdraw troops from the siege of Vicksburg
+then being conducted by General Grant. With high hopes the march was
+begun.
+
+
+ Lee’s First Movement.
+
+On June 3rd Lee put his army in motion northward, with Ewell’s Corps,
+preceded by Jenkins’ and Imboden’s Cavalry, in the advance, followed by
+Longstreet and lastly by Hill. Longstreet moved on the east side of the
+Blue Ridge in order to lead Hooker to believe that Washington would be
+threatened. On reaching Snicker’s Gap, he crossed the Ridge into the
+Shenandoah Valley and followed Hill, who was now in advance. The great
+army was strung out from Fredericksburg, Va., on the south to
+Martinsburg, W. Va., on the north, with the cavalry division under
+Stuart guarding the gaps along the Blue Ridge.
+
+ [Illustration: Since 1863 the population of Gettysburg has increased
+ from 2,000 to 5,500]
+
+After driving out Union forces stationed at Winchester under Milroy,
+Lee’s Army crossed the Potomac at Williamsport and Shepherdstown on June
+23rd, 24th, and 25th, and advanced northward, unopposed, through the
+Cumberland Valley, toward Harrisburg.
+
+
+ Hooker’s Plan.
+
+On June 10th, Hooker proposed to President Lincoln that he cross the
+Rappahannock and attack Hill, who still remained, and then move south,
+threatening Richmond. He thought this might divert Lee from his invasion
+of the North. In reply Lincoln said:
+
+ “_I think Lee’s Army and not Richmond is your sure objective point._”
+
+
+ The Appointment of Meade.
+
+Thereupon Hooker started in pursuit of Lee on June 13th, moving east of
+the Blue Ridge on a line parallel with Lee on the west, with the cavalry
+guarding his left. He thus protected Baltimore and Washington. He
+crossed the Potomac at Edward’s Ferry on the 25th and 26th and reached
+Frederick on the 27th, where he halted. Believing himself handicapped by
+orders from General Halleck, Chief in Command at Washington, who refused
+the use of the Union forces at Harper’s Ferry, he asked to be relieved
+of the command of the Army of the Potomac. The request was granted, and,
+on June 28th, Major-General George G. Meade, in command of the 5th
+Corps, was appointed his successor, Sykes taking command of General
+Meade’s Corps.
+
+
+ Advance of Lee.
+
+Lee’s Army had been steadily moving northward in the Cumberland Valley.
+Ewell, in the advance, detached Early’s Division on reaching
+Chambersburg, directing him to move through Gettysburg on June 26th and
+thence to York and Wrightsville, there to cross the Susquehanna to
+Columbia and move up to Harrisburg to meet the divisions of Rodes and
+Johnson. Rodes reached Carlisle on June 28th, accompanied by Ewell;
+Johnson was at Greenvillage, between Chambersburg and Carlisle. Hill
+moved from Chambersburg to Cashtown, and Longstreet was in the rear at
+Chambersburg. Lee’s headquarters were in Messersmith’s Woods near
+Chambersburg.
+
+ [Illustration: General Reynolds’ position shortly before his
+ death.—Near General Buford’s statue, pointing toward the spectator,
+ is the first gun fired by the Union forces]
+
+In his advance into Gettysburg, Early was opposed by the 26th Emergency
+Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, Company A, consisting of students
+of Pennsylvania (now Gettysburg) College, citizens of the town, and some
+volunteers from Harrisburg. After skirmishing on the Chambersburg Pike
+about 3 miles from the town, this regiment was obliged to retreat,
+finally reaching Harrisburg. About 175 were captured, but were afterward
+paroled. On the same day, George Sandoe, a Union scout, was shot by one
+of Early’s pickets on the Baltimore Pike. He was the first Union soldier
+killed in the vicinity of Gettysburg prior to the battle.
+
+On account of the absence of his cavalry under Stuart, who had been left
+with five brigades to guard the rear and hold the gaps of the Blue
+Ridge, Lee did not know until June 28th that the Union Army had crossed
+the Potomac and was threatening his line of communication with the
+South. Learning this, he ordered a concentration of his forces at
+Cashtown.
+
+
+ Meade’s Movement.
+
+On assuming command, General Meade moved his army northward from the
+vicinity of Frederick and established a tentative line along Pipe Creek,
+between Manchester on his right and Emmitsburg on his left, with
+headquarters near Taneytown.
+
+
+ Stuart’s Movement.
+
+After the Union Army crossed the Potomac, Stuart left the line of the
+Blue Ridge with three brigades of cavalry and made a raid around the
+Union Army, crossing the Potomac at Seneca Creek and moving thence to
+Hanover, where he engaged Kilpatrick’s Division of Union cavalry on June
+30th. Passing through Jefferson, Dover, and Dillsburg to Carlisle, he
+reached Carlisle on the afternoon of July 1st, getting into
+communication with Lee, after an interval of a week.
+
+
+ Situation of Confederate Forces on June 30th.
+
+On June 30th, Pender’s Division, Hill’s Corps, moved from Fayetteville
+to Cashtown; Anderson’s Division to Fayetteville; Rodes’ Division,
+Ewell’s Corps, from Carlisle via Petersburg to Heidlersburg. Early’s
+Division advanced from York through Weiglestown and East Berlin, and
+encamped 3 miles from Heidlersburg. Johnson’s Division marched from
+Greenvillage to Scotland. Hood’s and McLaws’ Divisions, Longstreet’s
+Corps, moved from Chambersburg to Fayetteville; Pickett’s Division
+remained at Chambersburg. Lee’s headquarters were at Greenwood.
+
+
+ Situation of Union Forces on June 30th.
+
+On June 30th the 11th Corps was at Emmitsburg, the 1st at Marsh Creek,
+the 3rd at Bridgeport, the 5th at Union Mills, the 6th at Manchester,
+the 12th at Littlestown, the 2nd at Taneytown. Two brigades of Buford’s
+Cavalry Division were at Gettysburg; Gregg’s Cavalry Division was at
+Manchester; Kilpatrick’s at Hanover. Meade’s headquarters were at
+Taneytown.
+
+
+ The Approach.
+
+Neither commander yet foresaw Gettysburg as a field of battle. Each had
+expected to take a strong position and force his adversary to attack.
+But in the hot summer weather fate was moving the mighty hosts closer
+and closer. The sky was cloudless, and the summer moon was at its
+brightest. The wheat was ripe, and the armies marched between partly
+reaped fields.
+
+ [Illustration: The Pennsylvania Monument, with bronze figures of
+ distinguished officers and a roster of all Pennsylvanians in
+ battle.]
+
+On the 30th, Hill, in the front at Cashtown, sent Pettigrew’s Brigade to
+Gettysburg for supplies, shoes especially being badly needed. In the
+meantime, Meade ordered Buford, with two brigades of cavalry at
+Emmitsburg, to make a reconnaissance to Gettysburg. Buford reported:
+
+ “_I entered this place today at 11_ A.M. _Found everybody in a
+ terrible state of excitement on account of the enemy’s advance._”
+
+On reaching Seminary Ridge, Pettigrew saw the approach of Buford. Not
+wishing to bring on an engagement, he withdrew to the vicinity of
+Cashtown.
+
+Buford moved through the town and bivouacked for the night west of the
+Seminary, along McPherson Ridge. He assigned to Gamble’s Brigade the
+task of watching the Fairfield and Cashtown roads and to Devin the
+Mummasburg, Middletown (now Biglerville), and Harrisburg roads. Early on
+the morning of the 1st, he picketed all the roads leading north and
+northeast.
+
+
+
+
+ THE FIRST DAY
+
+
+Informed by Pettigrew that Union forces had reached Gettysburg, and
+anxious to know their strength, Hill sent Heth’s and Pender’s Divisions
+with Pegram’s battalion of artillery forward on a reconnaissance in
+force. This movement, made at 5.30 A.M. on July 1, precipitated the
+battle.
+
+The advance was soon interrupted by Buford’s skirmishers. On reaching
+Herr Ridge, which crosses the Cashtown Road at right angles, Hill
+deployed his line of battle—Heth on both sides of the road with Pender
+in reserve. Pegram posted his artillery on Herr Ridge, and at 8 o’clock
+fired his first shot. Buford’s artillery, under Calef, posted on the
+opposite ridge, fired in reply. The battle was on, and the gravity of
+the situation was clear to Buford, who at 10.10 A.M. sent this message
+to Meade:
+
+ “_The enemy’s force are advancing on me at this point and driving my
+ pickets and skirmishers very rapidly. There is a large force at
+ Heidlersburg that is driving my pickets at that point from that
+ direction. I am sure that the whole of A. P. Hill’s force is
+ advancing._”
+
+
+ Arrival of Reynolds.
+
+Union reinforcements were at hand. General Reynolds, in advance of the
+1st Corps, arrived from Marsh Creek, via the Emmitsburg Road. After a
+short conference with Buford at the Seminary buildings, he sent an
+orderly urging Wadsworth, whose division was advancing across the
+fields, to hasten. On its arrival, Reynolds posted Cutler to the right,
+across the railroad cut which lies parallel to the Chambersburg Pike,
+and Meredith on the left. (Reynolds Avenue now marks this line.)
+
+
+ Death of Reynolds.
+
+After posting Hall’s battery in place of Calef’s, Reynolds rode to the
+McPherson Woods, and while directing the advance of Meredith at 10.15
+A.M. was instantly killed by a Confederate sharpshooter. Doubleday
+consequently assumed command of the 1st Corps, and Rowley succeeded
+Doubleday in command of the Division. Compelled to fall back into the
+grove, Buford moved his cavalry to the left near the Fairfield Road, and
+Meredith advanced into the woods, drove Hill’s right across Willoughby
+Run, and captured General Archer and part of his men.
+
+On the Union right, Cutler was attacked in flank by Davis’s Brigade, of
+the left of Hill’s line, and was compelled to withdraw. Davis advanced
+into the railroad cut where part of his force was captured. He then
+withdrew to his original line.
+
+
+ A Morning Lull.
+
+At 11 A.M. there was a lull. Doubleday withdrew his forces from across
+Willoughby Run and established a new line through the McPherson Woods
+from north to south. Robinson’s Division reached the field and was held
+in reserve at the Seminary buildings. Rowley’s Division (formerly
+Doubleday’s) arrived a little later; Stone’s Brigade of this Division
+was deployed in the front line on what is now Stone Avenue, and Biddle’s
+Brigade was placed on the left of Meredith, along what is now South
+Reynolds Avenue. In the afternoon, Robinson’s Division was moved to the
+right, prolonging the Union line to the Mummasburg Road in order to meet
+the advance of Rodes’ Division, coming forward via the Carlisle Road.
+Devin’s cavalry was moved from Buford’s right to the vicinity of the
+York Pike and the Hanover Road.
+
+ [Illustration: Gettysburg Seminary Doorway.—The Lutheran Theological
+ Seminary was used as an observation point and hospital. The portico
+ was erected in 1913 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the
+ battle.]
+
+In this preliminary action of the forenoon the advantage was in favor of
+the Union forces. The Confederate General Heth reported:
+
+ “_The enemy had now been felt, and found in heavy force in and around
+ Gettysburg. The division was now formed in line of battle on the right
+ of the road; Archer’s brigade on the right, Pettigrew’s in the center,
+ and Brockenbrough’s on the left. Davis’s brigade was kept on the left
+ of the road that it might collect its stragglers, and from its
+ shattered condition it was not deemed advisable to bring it again into
+ action that day._”
+
+The Union General Buford reported:
+
+ “_On July 1, between 8 and 9_ A.M. _reports came in from the 1st
+ Brigade (Colonel Gamble’s) that the enemy was coming down from toward
+ Cashtown in force. Colonel Gamble made an admirable line of battle,
+ and moved off proudly to meet him. The two lines soon became hotly
+ engaged, we having the advantage of position, he of numbers. The 1st
+ Brigade held its own for more than two hours, and had to be literally
+ dragged back a few hundred yards to a more secure and sheltered
+ position._”
+
+
+ Arrival of Rodes and Early.
+
+On learning at Middletown (now Biglerville) that Hill was engaged with
+the Union forces at Gettysburg, Rodes marched thither directly via the
+Carlisle Road. Early approached via the Harrisburg or Heidlersburg Road.
+The advance of both was quickened by the sound of cannonading. Arriving
+a little past noon, Rodes deployed his Division of five brigades on both
+sides of Oak Ridge, his right on the left of Heth’s Division and his
+left with Early’s right, extending across the plain north of the town.
+Carter’s artillery was posted on Oak Hill.
+
+
+ The Opposing Lines.
+
+Robinson’s Division of the 1st Union Corps was moved from its position
+in reserve at the Seminary buildings to the right of Cutler, to oppose
+Rodes’s Confederate line.
+
+Hill prolonged his right by bringing up Pender’s Division that had been
+held in reserve. The artillery of McIntosh’s battalion was brought into
+action in support. These guns, with Carter’s and Pegram’s, together
+numbering 60, and 11 brigades of infantry now opposed the 1st Union
+Corps of 36 guns and 6 brigades.
+
+
+ Arrival of Howard.
+
+General Howard, in command of the 11th Union Corps, reached Gettysburg
+from Emmitsburg between 10 and 11 A.M., in advance of his Corps, and
+took command of the Union forces. Schurz succeeded Howard in command of
+the Corps, and Doubleday resumed command of his Division.
+
+On reaching Gettysburg, Howard went to the top of the Fahnestock
+building at the corner of Baltimore and Middle streets to observe the
+lines of battle. He reported:
+
+ “_I had studied the position a few moments, when a report reached me
+ that General Reynolds was wounded. At first I hoped his wound might be
+ slight and that he would continue to command, but in a short time I
+ was undeceived. His aid-de-camp, Major William Riddle, brought the sad
+ tidings of his death. This was about 11.30_ A.M. _Prior to this the
+ General had sent me orders to move up at a double quick, for he was
+ severely engaged. On hearing of the death of Reynolds, I assumed
+ command of the left wing, instructing General Schurz to take command
+ of the 11th Corps. After an examination of the general features of the
+ country, I came to the conclusion that the only tenable position for
+ my limited force was the ridge to the southeast of Gettysburg (now
+ well known as Cemetery Ridge). I at once established my headquarters
+ near the cemetery, and on the highest point north of the Baltimore
+ Pike._”
+
+
+ Howard’s Position.
+
+On the arrival of the 11th Corps, Howard ordered Schurz to move the 3rd
+and 1st Divisions to positions north of the town, while the 2nd Division
+was held on Cemetery Hill in reserve. On account of the prior arrival of
+the Confederates under Rodes, who covered the plain north of the town,
+Schurz was unable to connect with the right of the Union line on Oak
+Hill, and a gap remained between the two lines. The position of the 11th
+Corps coincides with what is now Howard Avenue.
+
+
+ The Confederate General Early’s Position.
+
+Shortly after the 11th Corps moved to the front, Early’s Division of
+Ewell’s Corps arrived from Heidlersburg and went into line to the right
+of Howard, connecting with Rodes’s left across the plain. Early posted
+his artillery, Jones’s battalion, in position to enfilade the right of
+Howard, while Carter’s batteries on Oak Hill enfiladed the left. The
+Confederate forces largely exceeded the Union forces, the former being
+about 28,000 and the latter about 18,000. The whole Confederate line
+advanced and attacked the Union forces in front and on both flanks. On
+Oak Hill part of Rodes’ forces, O’Neal’s and Iverson’s brigades, were
+repulsed, a large part of the latter being captured.
+
+
+ The Union Retreat.
+
+After a strenuous resistance the whole Union line was compelled to
+withdraw to Cemetery Hill. The 11th Corps retreated through the center
+of town where many were captured. The 1st Corps fell back through the
+western part of the town. By 4.30 P.M. all the territory held by the
+Union forces was occupied by the Confederates.
+
+
+ Arrival of Lee.
+
+General Lee reached the field from Cashtown about 3 P.M., witnessed the
+retreat of the Union forces, and established his headquarters in tents
+in an apple orchard back of the Seminary. He ordered Ewell to follow up
+the repulse if he thought it practicable. In this connection Ewell
+reported:
+
+ “_The enemy had fallen back to a commanding position known as Cemetery
+ Hill, south of Gettysburg, and quickly showed a formidable front
+ there. On entering the town, I received a message from the Commanding
+ General to attack this hill, if I could do so to advantage. I could
+ not bring artillery to bear on it, and all the troops with me were
+ jaded by twelve hours’ marching and fighting, and I was notified that
+ General Johnson’s division (the only one of my corps that had not been
+ engaged) was close to town. Cemetery Hill was not assailable from the
+ town.... Before Johnson could be placed in position the night was far
+ advanced._”
+
+ [Illustration: John Burns, Gettysburg constable and Mexican War
+ veteran, shouldered his musket and went out to meet the
+ Confederates.]
+
+General Hill reported:
+
+ “_Under the impression that the enemy was entirely routed, my own two
+ divisions exhausted by some six hours’ hard fighting, prudence led me
+ to be content with what had been gained._”
+
+The failure of Ewell to follow up the repulse and capture Cemetery Hill
+and Culp’s Hill, defended by a weak line of the Union forces, enabled
+the Union commanders to establish during the night a line of defence
+that was secure against attack. By many military critics, this is
+generally considered Lee’s lost opportunity.
+
+
+ Formation of Union Line.
+
+The retreating Union soldiers were met at East Cemetery Hill by Generals
+Hancock and Howard, who directed them to positions, the 1st Corps on
+Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill, and the 11th on East Cemetery Hill. The
+12th Corps arrived on the Baltimore Pike, and soon after Sickles’ 3rd
+Corps came up from Emmitsburg.
+
+Hancock had been instructed by Meade to take command and report if he
+thought the ground a suitable place to continue the battle. A
+battle-line was at once established on Cemetery Ridge. Geary’s Division
+of the 12th Corps was ordered to the extreme left to occupy Little Round
+Top. Hancock sent word to General Meade that the position was strong,
+but that it might be easily turned. He then turned over the command to
+Slocum, his senior, and returned to Taneytown to report in person. Meade
+had already ordered a rapid concentration of all his forces at
+Gettysburg.
+
+ [Illustration: Barlow’s Knoll.—The extreme right of the Union line
+ on the first day]
+
+
+ General Lee’s Report.
+
+For the day, the Confederate commander reported:
+
+ “_The leading division of Hill met the enemy in advance of Gettysburg
+ on the morning of July 1. Driving back these troops to within a short
+ distance of the town, he there encountered a larger force, with which
+ two of his divisions became engaged. Ewell coming up with two of his
+ divisions by the Heidlersburg road, joined in the engagement. The
+ enemy was driven through Gettysburg with heavy loss, including about
+ 5,000 prisoners and several pieces of artillery. He retired to a high
+ range of hills south and east of the town. The attack was not pressed
+ that afternoon, the enemy’s force being unknown, and it being
+ considered advisable to await the arrival of the rest of our troops.
+ Orders were sent back to hasten their march, and, in the meantime,
+ every effort was made to ascertain the numbers and position of the
+ enemy, and find the most favorable point of attack. It had not been
+ intended to fight a general battle at such a distance from our base,
+ unless attacked by the enemy, but, finding ourselves unexpectedly
+ confronted by the Federal Army, it became a matter of difficulty to
+ withdraw through the mountains with our large trains.... Encouraged by
+ the successful issue of the engagement of the first day, and in view
+ of the valuable results that would ensue from the defeat of the army
+ of General Meade, it was thought advisable to renew the attack._”
+
+
+
+
+ FIRST DAY HIGHLIGHTS
+
+
+ Death of Major-General Reynolds
+
+Major-General John Fulton Reynolds, killed at Gettysburg while
+commanding the 1st Corps, was born in Lancaster, Pa., on the 21st day of
+September, 1820. His father, John Reynolds, also a native of Lancaster
+County, was the son of William Reynolds, who came to America in 1760
+from Ireland. His mother’s maiden name was Lydia Moore, daughter of
+Samuel Moore, who held a commission in the Revolutionary Army. He had an
+elder brother, William, who served as Admiral in our Navy with great
+distinction, and also two other brothers who served in the war, one as
+paymaster, and the other, the youngest of the four, as
+Quartermaster-General of Pennsylvania.
+
+William and John went first to an excellent school at Lititz, in
+Lancaster County, going thence to Long Green, Md., and from there they
+returned to the Lancaster Academy. Through the influence of James
+Buchanan, they received appointments, one as midshipman in the Navy, and
+the other as cadet at West Point. John was graduated from West Point on
+June 22nd, 1841, at the age of twenty-one. He served with distinction
+during the Mexican War, and at the outbreak of the Civil War entered the
+Union Army. At the battle of Gaines’ Mill, on June 28th, 1862, he was
+captured, and after a confinement of six weeks in Libby Prison, he was
+exchanged for General Barksdale.
+
+General Reynolds was six feet tall, with dark hair and eyes. He was
+erect in carriage and a superb horseman, so much at ease in the saddle
+as to be able to pick a dime from the ground while riding at full speed.
+He was killed in the grove now known as Reynolds’ Grove on the morning
+of July 1st, between 10 and 11 o’clock, while directing the attack of
+Meredith’s brigade against Archer’s Confederate brigade. His body was
+first taken to the Seminary, and later to Lancaster, where it was
+interred in the family graveyard.
+
+
+ The 26th Emergency Regiment
+
+The 26th Emergency Regiment met the advance of Gordon’s brigade of
+Early’s Division of Ewell’s Corps in their advance into Gettysburg.
+Company A consisted of students of the Lutheran Theological Seminary,
+Pennsylvania (now Gettysburg) College, and citizens of the town. H. M.
+M. Richards, of Company A gives the following sketch of the services of
+the regiment:
+
+“Upon the first indication of an invasion of Pennsylvania, the 26th
+Regiment, P. V. M., was organized and mustered into the United States
+service at Harrisburg, under the command of Colonel W. W. Jennings of
+that city. Company A of this regiment, to which I belonged, was composed
+of students from the Lutheran Theological Seminary and the Pennsylvania
+College at Gettysburg, and of citizens of the town; one other company
+came from Hanover, but a few miles distant.
+
+“On June 23rd we left Harrisburg for Gettysburg, to be used, I believe,
+as riflemen among the hills at or near Cashtown. A railroad accident
+prevented this plan from being carried out, and kept us from reaching
+Gettysburg until the 26th, by which time General Early had reached
+Cashtown. In accordance with orders received from Major Granville O.
+Haller, acting aide-de-camp to General Couch, commanding the Department
+of the Susquehanna, we were marched out on the Chambersburg Pike at 10
+A.M., June 26th, for a distance of about three and a half miles,
+accompanied by Major Robert Bell, who commanded a troop of horse, also
+raised, I understand, in Gettysburg. Having halted, our colonel,
+accompanied by Major Bell, rode to the brow of an elevation and there
+saw General Early’s troops a few miles distant.
+
+“We, a few hundred men at most, were in the toils; what should be done?
+We would gladly have marched to join the Army of the Potomac, under
+Meade, but where was it? Our colonel, left to his own resources, wisely
+decided to make an effort to return to Harrisburg, and immediately
+struck off from the pike, the Confederates capturing many of our
+rear-guard after a sharp skirmish, and sending their cavalry in pursuit
+of us. These later overtook us in the afternoon at Witmer’s house, about
+four and a half miles from Gettysburg on the Carlisle Road, where, after
+an engagement, they were repulsed with some loss. After many
+vicissitudes, we finally reached Harrisburg, having marched 54 out of 60
+consecutive hours, with a loss of some 200 men.
+
+“It should be added that Gettysburg, small town as it was, had already
+furnished its quota to the army. Moreover, on the first day of the
+battle, hundreds of the unfortunate men of Reynolds’s gallant corps were
+secreted, sheltered, fed, and aided in every way by the men and women of
+the town.”
+
+
+ The First Soldier Killed at Gettysburg
+
+George W. Sandoe, the first Union soldier killed at Gettysburg, was a
+member of Company B Independent 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry. Upon arriving
+at Gettysburg, June 26th, 1863, General Gordon sent out a picket line on
+the Baltimore Pike. As these pickets reached the Nathaniel Lightner
+property, George W. Sandoe and William Lightner, also a member of
+Company B, approached the pike, coming across the McAllister field from
+the direction of Rock Creek. Owing to a growth of bushes and trees along
+the fence, they did not discover the Confederate pickets until they were
+ordered to halt. Lightner at once jumped his horse across the fence and
+escaped by riding rapidly down the pike. Sandoe’s horse fell in making
+the leap, and in attempting to escape by riding back in the direction
+from which he came, Sandoe was shot. He lies buried at Mount Joy Church,
+in Mount Joy, Adams County.
+
+
+ A Mysterious Letter
+
+Having passed through Gettysburg on June 28th, General John B. Gordon,
+of Lee’s army, went on to York and Wrightsville before returning on July
+1st. In his “Reminiscences of the Gettysburg Campaign” he tells the
+following story:
+
+“We entered the city of York on Sunday morning. Halting on the main
+street, where the sidewalks were densely packed, I rode a few rods in
+advance of my troops, in order to speak to the people from my horse. As
+I checked him and turned my full dust-begrimed face upon a bevy of
+ladies very near me, a cry of alarm came from their midst; but after a
+few words of assurance from me, quiet and apparent confidence were
+restored. I assured these ladies that the troops behind me, though
+ill-clad and travel-stained, were good men and brave; that beneath their
+rough exteriors were hearts as loyal to women as ever beat in the
+breasts of honorable men; that their own experience and the experience
+of their mothers, wives, and sisters at home had taught them how painful
+must be the sight of a hostile army in their town; that under the orders
+of the Confederate commander-in-chief both private property and
+non-combatants were safe; that the spirit of vengeance and of rapine had
+no place in the bosoms of these dust-covered but knightly men; and I
+closed by pledging to York the head of any soldier under my command who
+destroyed private property, disturbed the repose of a single home, or
+insulted a woman.
+
+“As we moved along the street after this episode, a little girl,
+probably twelve years of age, ran up to my horse and handed me a large
+bouquet of flowers in the center of which was a note in delicate
+handwriting, purporting to give the numbers and describe the position of
+the Union forces of Wrightsville, toward which I was advancing. I
+carefully read and reread this strange note. It bore no signature and
+contained no assurance of sympathy for the Southern cause, but it was so
+terse and explicit in its terms as to compel my confidence. The second
+day we were in front of Wrightsville, and from the high ridge on which
+this note suggested that I halt and examine the position of the Union
+troops, I eagerly scanned the prospect with my field-glasses, in order
+to verify the truth of the mysterious communication or detect its
+misrepresentations.
+
+“There, in full view of us, was the town, just as described, nestling on
+the banks of the Susquehanna. There was the blue line of soldiers
+guarding the approach, drawn up, as indicated, along an intervening
+ridge and across the pike. There was the long bridge spanning the
+Susquehanna and connecting the town with Columbia on the other bank.
+Most important of all, there was the deep gorge or ravine running off to
+the right and extending around the left bank of the Federal line and to
+the river below the bridge. Not an inaccurate detail in that note could
+be discovered. I did not hesitate, therefore, to adopt its suggestion of
+moving down the gorge in order to throw my command on the flank, or
+possibly in the rear of the Union troops, and force them to a rapid
+retreat or surrender. The result of this movement vindicated the
+strategic wisdom of my unknown and—judging by the handwriting—woman
+correspondent, whose note was none the less martial because embedded in
+roses, and whose evident genius for war, had occasion offered, might
+have made her a captain equal to Catherine.”
+
+
+ The Flag of the 16th Maine
+
+A marker showing the position of the 16th Maine Infantry Regiment on the
+afternoon of the first day’s battle stands at the intersection of
+Doubleday Avenue and the Mummasburg Road, and contains the following
+inscription:
+
+ Position Held July 1, 1863, at 4 o’Clock P.M.
+ by the 16th Maine Infantry
+ 1st Brig., 2nd Div., 1st Corps
+
+WHILE THE REST OF THE DIVISION WAS RETIRING, THE REGIMENT HAVING MOVED
+FROM THE POSITION AT THE LEFT WHERE ITS MONUMENT STANDS, UNDER ORDERS TO
+HOLD THIS POSITION AT ANY COST.
+
+ It Lost on This Field
+ Killed 11, Wounded 62, Captured 159
+ Out of 275 Engaged.
+
+When almost surrounded, the regiment withdrew to the left of the
+railroad cut to help cover the withdrawal of Stewart’s battery, which
+was also almost surrounded. The regiment had two flags, the Stars and
+Stripes and the flag of Maine.
+
+Finally, assaulted by the flank and rear, they determined not to
+surrender their colors, but tore them from their staffs and into small
+bits, each man taking a star or a bit of silk which he placed in his
+pocket. Some of these fragments were carried through the southern
+prisons and finally home to Maine, where they are still treasured as
+precious relics by the relatives and friends of the brave men of the
+regiment.
+
+
+ The Barlow-Gordon Incident
+
+Barlow’s Knoll, a short distance northeast of Gettysburg, is named in
+honor of Brigadier-General Francis C. Barlow, in command of the 1st
+Division of the 11th Corps. In his “Reminiscences of the Civil War,”
+General Gordon describes his meeting with Barlow:
+
+“Returning from the banks of the Susquehanna, and meeting at Gettysburg,
+July 1, 1863, the advance of Lee’s forces, my command was thrown quickly
+and squarely on the right flank of the Union Army. A more timely arrival
+never occurred. The battle had been raging for four or five hours. The
+Confederate General Archer, with a large part of his brigade, had been
+captured. Heth and Scales, Confederate generals, had been wounded. The
+ranking Union officer on the field, General Reynolds, had been killed,
+and General Hancock was assigned to command. The battle, upon the issue
+of which hung, perhaps, the fate of the Confederacy, was in full blast.
+The Union forces, at first driven back, now reënforced, were again
+advancing and pressing back Lee’s left and threatening to envelop it.
+The Confederates were stubbornly contesting every foot of ground, but
+the Southern left was slowly yielding. A few moments more and the day’s
+battle might have been ended by a complete turning of Lee’s flank. I was
+ordered to move at once to the aid of the heavily pressed Confederates.
+With a ringing yell, my command rushed upon the line posted to protect
+the Union right. Here occurred a hand-to-hand struggle. That protecting
+Union line, once broken, left my command not only on the right flank,
+but obliquely in rear of it.
+
+“Any troops that were ever marshalled would, under like conditions, have
+been as surely and swiftly shattered. Under the concentrated fire from
+front and flank, the marvel is that they escaped. In the midst of the
+wild disorder in his ranks, and through a storm of bullets, a Union
+officer was seeking to rally his men for a final stand. He, too, went
+down pierced by a minie ball. Riding forward with my rapidly advancing
+lines, I discovered that brave officer lying upon his back, with the
+July sun pouring its rays into his pale face. He was surrounded by the
+Union dead, and his own life seemed to be rapidly ebbing out. Quickly I
+dismounted and lifted his head. I gave him water from my canteen, and
+asked his name and the character of his wounds. He was Major-General
+Francis C. Barlow, of New York, and of Howard’s Corps. The ball had
+entered his body in front and passed out near the spinal cord,
+paralyzing him in legs and arms. Neither of us had the remotest thought
+that he could survive many hours. I summoned several soldiers who were
+looking after the wounded, and directed them to place him upon a litter
+and carry him to the shade in the rear. Before parting, he asked me to
+take from his pocket a package of letters and destroy them. They were
+from his wife. He had one request to make of me. That request was that,
+if I lived to the end of the war and ever met Mrs. Barlow, I would tell
+her of our meeting on the field of Gettysburg and his thoughts of her in
+his last moments. He wished to assure me that he died doing his duty at
+the front, that he was willing to give his life for his country, and
+that his deepest regret was that he must die without looking upon her
+face again. I learned that Mrs. Barlow was with the Union Army, and near
+the battlefield. When it is remembered how closely Mrs. Gordon followed
+me, it will not be difficult to realize that my sympathies were
+especially stirred by the announcement that his wife was so near to him.
+Passing through the day’s battle unhurt, I despatched, at its close,
+under a flag of truce, the promised message to Mrs. Barlow. I assured
+her that she should have safe escort to her husband’s side.
+
+“In the desperate encounters of the two succeeding days, and the retreat
+of Lee’s army, I thought no more of Barlow, except to number him with
+the noble dead of the two armies who have so gloriously met their fate.
+The ball, however, had struck no vital point, and Barlow slowly
+recovered, though his fate was unknown to me. The following summer, in
+battles near Richmond, my kinsman with the same initials, General J. B.
+Gordon of North Carolina, was killed. Barlow, who had recovered, saw the
+announcement of his death, and entertained no doubt that he was the
+Gordon whom he had met on the field of Gettysburg. To me, therefore,
+Barlow was dead; to Barlow I was dead. Nearly fifteen years passed
+before either of us was undeceived. During my second term in the United
+States Senate, the Hon. Clarkson Potter of New York was the member of
+the House of Representatives. He invited me to dinner in Washington to
+meet a General Barlow who had served in the Union Army. Potter knew
+nothing of the Gettysburg incident. I had heard that there was another
+Barlow in the Union Army, and supposed of course, that it was this
+Barlow with whom I was to dine. Barlow had a similar reflection as to
+the Gordon he was to meet. Seated at Clarkson Potter’s table, I asked
+Barlow: ‘General, are you related to the Barlow who was killed at
+Gettysburg?’ He replied: ‘Why, I am the man, sir. Are you related to the
+Gordon who killed me?’ ‘I am the man, sir,’ I responded. No words of
+mine can convey any conception of the emotions awakened by these
+startling announcements. Nothing short of an actual resurrection of the
+dead could have amazed either of us more. Thenceforward, until his
+untimely death in 1896, the friendship between us which was born amidst
+the thunders of Gettysburg was cherished by both.”
+
+
+ General Ewell Is Hit by a Bullet
+
+General Gordon gives an account of an amusing incident of the first day:
+
+“Late in the afternoon of this first day’s battle, when the firing had
+greatly decreased along most of the lines, General Ewell and I were
+riding through the streets of Gettysburg. In a previous battle he had
+lost one of his legs, but prided himself on the efficiency of the wooden
+one which he used in its place. As we rode together, a body of Union
+soldiers, posted behind some dwellings and fences on the outskirts of
+the town, suddenly opened a brisk fire. A number of Confederates were
+killed or wounded, and I heard the ominous thud of a minie ball as it
+struck General Ewell at my side. I quickly asked: ‘Are you hurt, sir?’
+‘No, no,’ he replied; ‘I’m not hurt. But suppose that ball had struck
+you: we would have had the trouble of carrying you off the field, sir.
+You see how much better fixed I am for a fight than you are. It don’t
+hurt a bit to be shot in a wooden leg.’
+
+“Ewell was a most interesting and eccentric character. It is said that
+in his early manhood he had been disappointed in a love affair, and had
+never fully recovered from its effects. The fair maiden to whom he had
+given his affections had married another man; but Ewell, like the truest
+of knights, carried her image in his heart through long years. When he
+was promoted to the rank of brigadier or major-general, he evidenced the
+constancy of his affections by placing upon his staff the son of the
+woman whom he had loved in his youth. The meddlesome Fates, who seem to
+revel in the romances of lovers, had decreed that Ewell should be shot
+in battle and become the object of solicitude and tender nursing by this
+lady, Mrs. Brown, who had been for many years a widow. Her gentle
+ministrations soothed his weary weeks of suffering, a marriage ensued,
+and with it came the realization of Ewell’s long-deferred hope. He was a
+most devoted husband. He never seemed to realize, however, that marriage
+had changed her name, for he proudly presented her to his friends as ‘My
+wife, Mrs. Brown, sir.’”
+
+
+ The School Teachers’ Regiment
+
+The 151st Pennsylvania Infantry, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George
+F. McFarland, included Company D, made up mainly of the instructors and
+students of the Lost Creek Academy, of McAlisterville, Juniata County,
+of which Colonel McFarland was principal. For this reason it was called
+the “Schoolteachers’ Regiment.” The material throughout was excellent,
+many of the men being experienced marksmen. The regiment went into
+battle with 21 officers and 446 men, and sustained a loss in killed,
+wounded, and missing of 337, or over 75 per cent.
+
+The casualties of the 26th North Carolina Regiment, against which they
+were engaged, were 588 out of 800, just about the same percentage.
+
+Colonel McFarland lost his right leg and had the left permanently
+disabled, but survived until 1891. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of
+the battle, he delivered the dedicatory address at the unveiling of the
+regimental monument, exactly twenty-five years to the hour after his
+engagement in battle.
+
+
+ An Incident of the First Day
+
+An incident, similar to that described by Browning in his poem “An
+Incident of the French Camp,” occurred at the railroad cut early on the
+first day.
+
+An officer of the 6th Wisconsin Regiment, active in the capture of the
+Mississippians belonging to the 2nd and 42nd Regiments, who had taken
+shelter in the railroad cut after turning the right of Cutler’s line,
+approached Colonel Rufus R. Dawes after the engagement was over. Colonel
+Dawes supposed, from the erect appearance of the man, that he had come
+for further orders, but his compressed lips told a different story. With
+great effort the officer said: “Tell them at home I died like a man and
+a soldier.” He then opened his coat, showed a ghastly wound on his
+breast, and dropped dead.
+
+ [Illustration: Dormitory of Gettysburg College.—The dormitory of
+ Gettysburg (then Pennsylvania) College sheltered many Union and
+ Confederate wounded]
+
+
+
+
+ THE SECOND DAY
+
+
+The scene of the engagements of the second and third days shifted to the
+south and southeast of Gettysburg. General Meade arrived on the field
+from his headquarters at Taneytown, Md., at 1 A.M., July 2nd, and
+established his headquarters at the Leister House, on the Taneytown
+Road, in rear of the line of the 2nd Corps. As soon as it was light he
+inspected the position already occupied and made arrangements for
+posting the several corps as they should reach the ground.
+
+
+ The Union Line of Battle.
+
+Starting on the right with Slocum’s 12th Corps, Williams’ Division
+extended from Rock Creek by way of Spangler’s Spring to Culp’s Hill,
+with Geary’s Division on the hill. The line between Culp’s Hill and
+Cemetery Hill was held by Wadsworth’s Division of the 1st Corps.
+Barlow’s Division of the 11th Corps under Ames was located at the foot
+of East Cemetery Hill. Carman, Colgrove, Slocum, Geary, and Wainwright
+avenues follow these lines of battle.
+
+On Cemetery Hill, across the Baltimore Pike, the line was held by Schurz
+and on his left Steinwehr, both of the 11th Corps. Robinson’s Division
+of the 1st Corps extended across the Taneytown Road to Ziegler’s Grove.
+Beyond lay Hancock’s 2nd Corps, with the Divisions of Hays, Gibbon, and
+Caldwell from right to left. To the left of Hancock, Sickles’ 3rd Corps,
+consisting of the Divisions of Humphreys and Birney, prolonged the line
+to the vicinity of Little Round Top. Beginning at the Taneytown Road,
+Hancock and Sedgwick avenues follow these lines of battle.
+
+Arriving later in the day, the 5th Corps, under General Sykes, was
+posted on the Baltimore Pike, at the Rock Creek crossing. Later it
+occupied the ground about Round Top to the left of the 3rd Corps. The
+6th Corps, under General Sedgwick, reaching the field still later after
+a march of over 30 miles, was posted in reserve back of Round Top, from
+which position portions were moved as circumstances demanded. The lines
+held by the 5th and 6th Corps coincide with Sykes, Ayres, Wright, and
+Howe Avenues.
+
+ [Illustration: Stevens’ Knoll.—Arriving on Stevens’ Knoll at the end
+ of the first day, General Slocum brought supporting troops. The
+ lunettes protecting the cannon remain intact.]
+
+Gamble’s and Devin’s brigades of Buford’s Cavalry, which had had an
+active part in the battle of the first day, were on the left between
+Cemetery and Seminary Ridges until 10 A.M. when they were ordered, by
+some mistake, to move to Westminster, Md., before the arrival of Gregg’s
+Division on its way from Hanover, and Merritt’s brigade of Buford’s
+Division from Mechanicsburg (now Thurmont), Md.
+
+General Meade’s line, shaped like a fishhook, was about 3 miles long.
+The right faced east, the center over Cemetery Hill, north, and the left
+from Cemetery Hill to Round Top nearly west. The whole line was
+supported by artillery brigades belonging to the different corps.
+
+
+ Confederate Line of Battle.
+
+General Lee’s line was nearly the same shape as General Meade’s but,
+being the outer line, was about 6 miles long. On the right, facing the
+two Round Tops, were Hood’s and McLaws’ Divisions of Longstreet’s Corps.
+On the left of McLaws, extending along the line of Seminary Ridge, were
+the Divisions of Anderson and Pender of Hill’s Corps, with Heth’s
+Division in the rear in reserve. On the left of Pender, extending
+through the town along the line of West Middle Street, was Rodes’
+Division of Ewell’s Corps, then Early’s and Johnson’s Divisions, the
+latter reaching to Benner’s Hill, east of Rock Creek. Pickett’s Division
+of Longstreet’s Corps was at Chambersburg, guarding trains, and Law’s
+Brigade of Hood’s Division of Longstreet’s Corps at New Guilford,
+guarding the rear. The latter arrived at noon on the 2nd in time to
+participate in the day’s engagement. Pickett’s Division arrived later
+and was not engaged until the afternoon of the 3rd. The artillery was
+posted according to the different corps to which it was attached.
+
+General Lee’s line coincides with the present West Confederate Avenue
+along Seminary and Warfield or Snyder Ridges, west of the town, then
+runs through the town to coincide with East Confederate Avenue. The
+distance between the Union and Confederate lines is three-fourths of a
+mile to a mile.
+
+Military critics agree that General Meade held the stronger position.
+Both flanks presented precipitous and rocky fronts, difficult to attack,
+and it was possible to send reinforcements by short distances from point
+to point.
+
+
+ Sickles’ Change of Line.
+
+As already stated, General Sickles’ 3rd Corps was on the left of General
+Hancock’s 2nd Corps on Cemetery Ridge, and Birney’s Division was near
+the base of Little Round Top, replacing Geary’s Division after its
+withdrawal to be posted on Culp’s Hill. Humphreys’ Division was on low
+ground to the right between Cemetery Ridge and the Emmitsburg Road.
+
+Anxious to know what was in his front, Sickles sent the Berdan
+Sharpshooters and the 3rd Maine Infantry forward on a reconnaissance. On
+reaching the Pitzer Woods, beyond the Emmitsburg Road, they found the
+Confederates there in force, and after a sharp engagement with Wilcox’s
+Brigade, withdrew and reported.
+
+Believing that Lee planned a flank movement on his line, and that the
+Emmitsburg Road afforded better positions for the artillery, Sickles
+moved his Corps forward and posted Humphreys’ Division on the right
+along the Emmitsburg Road and his left extending to the Peach Orchard.
+Birney’s Division prolonged the line from the Peach Orchard across the
+Wheatfield to Devil’s Den. This new line formed a salient at the Peach
+Orchard and therefore presented two fronts, one to the west, the other
+to the south.
+
+About 3 P.M. Sickles was called to General Meade’s headquarters to a
+conference of corps commanders. Upon the sound of artillery, the
+conference adjourned, and Meade, Sickles, and Warren, Meade’s Chief
+Engineer, rode to inspect Sickles’ change of line. The artillery was
+already engaged, and believing it too late to make any changes since the
+enemy was present, Meade decided to attempt to hold the new position by
+sending in supports. After reviewing the new line, General Warren left
+the other members of the party and rode up Little Round Top. He found
+the height unoccupied except by the personnel of a signal station.
+
+ [Illustration: General Meade’s Statue.—General Meade viewed
+ Pickett’s Charge from the center of the Union line. This statue,
+ like those of Reynolds and Sedgwick, is the work of Henry K.
+ Bush-Brown.]
+
+
+ General Lee’s Plan.
+
+Lee as well as Meade occupied the forenoon in the arrangement of his
+line of battle. After a conference with Ewell, he decided to attack
+Meade’s left. In his report, Lee says:
+
+ “_It was determined to make the principal attack upon the enemy’s
+ left, and endeavor to gain a position from which it was thought that
+ our artillery could be brought to bear with effect. Longstreet was
+ directed to place the division of McLaws and Hood on the right of
+ Hill, partially enveloping the enemy’s left, which he was to drive
+ in._
+
+ “_General Hill was ordered to threaten the enemy’s center to prevent
+ reinforcements being drawn to either wing, and coöperate with his
+ right division in Longstreet’s attack._
+
+ “_General Ewell was instructed to make a simultaneous demonstration
+ upon the enemy’s right, to be converted into a real attack should
+ opportunity offer._”
+
+When General Lee arranged this plan of attack he believed Meade’s left
+terminated at the Peach Orchard; he did not know that Sickles’ advance
+line extended to the left from the salient at the Peach Orchard to
+Devil’s Den. In plain view of the Union signal station on Little Round
+Top, some of his forces were compelled to make a wide detour via the
+Black Horse Tavern on the Fairfield Road in order to avoid observation.
+
+
+ Little Round Top.
+
+Meanwhile, General Warren on Little Round Top saw the importance of the
+hill as a tactical position on Meade’s left. The signal officers were
+preparing to leave; he ordered them to remain and to keep waving their
+flags so as to lead the Confederates to believe that the hill was
+occupied. He dispatched a messenger to Devil’s Den, where a Union
+battery was posted, with an order that a shot be fired to produce
+confusion in the woods in front, through which Hood’s forces were
+supposed to be advancing. Seeing the reflection of the sunlight from
+Confederate muskets, he realized that if this important position were to
+be held, it would be necessary to get troops there without delay.
+
+Quickly he sent a member of his staff to Sickles for troops. Sickles
+said none could be spared. Warren sent another staff officer to Meade,
+who immediately ordered Sykes to move his Corps to Little Round Top.
+Barnes’ Division of this Corps had already been called for by Sickles to
+defend his line, and three brigades, Vincent’s, Tilton’s, and
+Sweitzer’s, were moving toward the Wheatfield. Learning of the need of
+troops on Little Round Top, Vincent moved back, skirted the east side of
+Little Round Top, and went into position between Little and Big Round
+Top, arriving just before the Confederates from Hood’s right advanced
+over Big Round Top.
+
+Having watched these movements, Warren rode down to the crossing of what
+is now Sykes Avenue and the Wheatfield Road. There he met Colonel
+O’Rorke, in command of the 140th New York, and ordered his regiment,
+together with Hazlett’s battery, to the crest of the hill. With the
+addition of Weed’s Brigade, the combined forces held the Round Tops.
+There was a desperate engagement in which both contestants displayed
+courage of a very high order. The Union soldiers were victorious, and
+Meade’s left was secured against further attack.
+
+
+ The Peach Orchard and the Wheatfield.
+
+After the struggle for the possession of Little Round Top, the other
+Confederate brigades of Hood and McLaws advanced rapidly. A lack of
+coordination in their movement allowed Meade to bring up supports. Three
+brigades of Anderson’s Division of Hill’s Corps advanced against
+Humphreys’ line, in the following order: Wilcox, Perry, Wright. Wounded,
+General Pender was unable to direct Posey and Mahone in support of
+Wright, and Wright was obliged to withdraw. Humphreys was compelled to
+change front in order to meet the assault on his flanks. This maneuver
+served to stay the Confederate attack for a brief time. The Valley of
+Death between the Round Tops and the opposite height was now a seething
+mass of opposing forces, enshrouded in clouds of smoke.
+
+Meade had already depleted his right to support his left by withdrawing
+all of Slocum’s 12th Corps except Greene’s Brigade. He now sent all of
+the 5th Corps to the left and ordered Caldwell’s Division from the left
+of Hancock’s 2nd Corps south of the Angle to the Wheatfield. Willard’s
+Brigade on Hays’ line of the 2nd Corps was ordered to advance and oppose
+the Confederate, Barksdale, who, after crossing the Emmitsburg Road
+north of the Peach Orchard and the field beyond, reached Watson’s Union
+battery posted on the Trostle farm. General Sickles was severely and
+Barksdale mortally wounded.
+
+ [Illustration: Wheatfield.—Scene of carnage on the second day]
+
+Wofford’s Brigade of McLaws’ Division broke through the salient at the
+Peach Orchard and reached the valley between Devil’s Den and Little
+Round Top, where they were met by a charge of the Pennsylvania Reserves
+of Crawford’s Division, led by McCandless, some of whose men fought in
+sight of their own homes. Wofford was obliged to withdraw to and beyond
+the Wheatfield; the Reserves advanced across the valley from their
+position on the north of Little Round Top and reached the stone wall on
+the east side of the Wheatfield. Here they remained until after
+Pickett’s charge on the 3rd, when they advanced against the Confederates
+who had succeeded in regaining control of that part of the field.
+
+About the time when Sickles was wounded, Meade directed Hancock to
+assume command of Sickles’ Corps in addition to his own. Meade in person
+led Lockwood’s brigade, brought from the extreme right, against the
+Confederate advance. Newton, now in command of the 1st Corps, sent in
+Doubleday’s Division. With these troops Hancock checked the advance of
+the Confederate brigades of Barksdale, Wilcox, Perry, and Wright, while
+Sykes checked the advance of Hood and McLaws. Brigades of the 6th Corps
+reached the field toward the close of the engagement. Withdrawing from
+the Wheatfield Road, Bigelow’s battery made a determined stand at the
+Trostle buildings and succeeded in checking the Confederate advance
+until the gap on Sickles’ first line was protected by a line of guns.
+Most of the Confederate brigades got no farther than Plum Run, except
+Wright’s, which actually reached the line of guns on Hancock’s front
+before it was obliged to withdraw.
+
+During the repulse of the Confederate advance, the 1st Minnesota
+regiment of Harrow’s Brigade of Gibbon’s Division of Hancock’s Corps was
+ordered by Hancock to oppose Wilcox’s and Perry’s Brigades, rapidly
+advancing against Hancock’s left. The Minnesota regiment moved up at
+once and succeeded in repelling the attack, but only after losing 82 per
+cent of its men.
+
+Though seriously threatened, Meade’s line held, and after the repulse of
+Wright, the attack ended. During the night the line was prolonged to the
+top of Big Round Top. The Confederates remained west of Plum Run, except
+at Big Round Top, where they intrenched along the western slope.
+
+
+ Ewell’s Attack on Meade’s Right.
+
+Ordered by Lee to begin his attack on Meade’s right at the same time as
+Longstreet’s attack on Meade’s left, Ewell’s artillery on Benner’s Hill
+opened fire on Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill where the Union forces were
+posted and well protected with earthworks. On account of the destructive
+fire from the Union batteries on East Cemetery Hill, Ewell lost most of
+his guns, and no infantry advance was made until Longstreet’s assault
+had ended. At sundown General Johnson’s infantry advanced against Culp’s
+Hill, General Early against East Cemetery Hill. Rodes, who was directed
+to move against West Cemetery Hill, was unable to obey instructions.
+General Walker, who had been sent east to Brinkerhoff Ridge in the
+forenoon, to guard Ewell’s flank, and who was expected to assist in this
+attack, was prevented by meeting part of the Union cavalry of Gregg’s
+Division that had arrived via Hanover on the forenoon of the 2nd. After
+an engagement with Gregg, Walker moved up to assist Johnson, but too
+late to be of service, as the attack on Culp’s Hill had ended.
+
+The attack was conducted with the greatest dash and daring, in part up
+rough slopes of woodland over heaped boulders. On East Cemetery Hill the
+fight among the Union guns was hand to hand, and clubbed muskets,
+stones, and rammers were used to drive back the assailants. After sunset
+a bright moon illuminated the field. The Union troops stood firm, and at
+10 o’clock the Confederates desisted, having captured only a few Union
+entrenchments.
+
+ [Illustration: Monument of the Irish Brigade.—At the foot of the
+ Celtic Cross is the Irish wolfhound, symbolic of devotion.]
+
+
+ Situation at End of the Second Day.
+
+Lee’s assaults on Meade’s left had failed to accomplish anything
+decisive. While Sickles’ advance-line was driven back and most of the
+field, including the Peach Orchard, the Wheatfield, Devil’s Den, and the
+base of Big Round Top, was occupied by the Confederates, Meade’s line
+was practically intact from the crest of Big Round Top on the left to
+near Spangler’s Spring on the right. On the slopes of Round Top, on
+Cemetery Hill and Culp’s Hill, the advantage of the defensive positions
+multiplied the forces of the defenders in comparison with the attackers
+at least three to one. Prodigious deeds of valor were performed by both
+armies, and courage of the highest order was displayed in attack and in
+the defense. Casualties were very heavy on both sides. Meade estimated
+that his losses were 65 per cent of the total for the three days. At the
+end of the day he made the following report:
+
+ “_July 2, 1863, 8_ P.M. _The enemy attacked me about 4_ P.M. _this
+ day, and, after one of the severest contests of the war, was repulsed
+ at all points. We have suffered considerably in killed and wounded.
+ Among the former are Brigadier Generals Paul and Zook, and among the
+ wounded are Generals Sickles, Barlow, Graham, and Warren slightly. We
+ have taken a large number of prisoners. I shall remain in my present
+ position tomorrow, but am not prepared to say, until better advised of
+ the condition of the army, whether my operations will be of an
+ offensive or defensive character._”
+
+Later in the night, at a council of war held by Meade with his corps
+commanders—Gibbon, Williams, Sykes, Newton, Howard, Hancock, Sedgwick
+and Slocum—sentiment favored remaining and fighting a defensive battle.
+As Lee attacked both wings of Meade’s line on the 2nd it was expected
+that if another attack were made it would be on the center. This
+expectation was correct—Wright’s attack on the 2nd, when he succeeded in
+reaching Meade’s line south of the Angle, led Lee to believe that this
+was the most vulnerable point.
+
+General Lee had more definite plans:
+
+ “_The result of this day’s operations induced the belief that, with
+ proper concert of action, and with the increased support that the
+ positions gained on the right would enable the artillery to render the
+ assaulting column, we should ultimately succeed, and it was
+ accordingly determined to continue the attack._”
+
+The general plan was unchanged. Longstreet, re-enforced by Pickett’s
+three brigades, which arrived near the battlefield during the afternoon
+of the 2nd, was ordered to attack the next morning, and General Ewell
+was directed to assail the enemy’s right at the same time. The latter,
+during the night, re-enforced General Johnson with three brigades from
+Rodes’ and Early’s Divisions.
+
+
+
+
+ INCIDENTS OF THE SECOND DAY
+
+
+ The Roger House
+
+The Roger House is located on the west side of the Emmitsburg Road,
+about a mile south of Gettysburg, midway between Meade’s line of battle
+on Cemetery Ridge and Lee’s line on Seminary Ridge. On the afternoon of
+July 2nd, after Sickles advanced his corps from its first position to
+the Emmitsburg Road, it was surrounded by the right of the new line. The
+1st Massachusetts Regiment, whose monument stands adjacent to the house,
+held this part of the line, and was hotly engaged when the brigades of
+Wilcox and Wright advanced during the assault of Longstreet on the Union
+left on the afternoon of the 2nd. During Pickett’s Charge, on the
+afternoon of the 3rd, the house was again surrounded by fighting men.
+
+While the battle raged on all sides, a granddaughter of the owner, Miss
+Josephine Miller, remained, and, notwithstanding the great danger, baked
+bread and biscuits for the hungry soldiers. In 1896, Miss Miller, then
+Mrs. Slyder, paid a visit to her old home, and related the following
+story of her experience to Mr. Wilfred Pearse, of Boston, Mass., a
+visitor to Gettysburg at the same time. After his return he published
+the following article.
+
+“The veterans of the 1st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment will be glad to
+learn that the only woman member of the 3rd Army Corps ‘Veterans’
+Association,’ Mrs. Slyder, née Miss Josephine Miller, granddaughter of
+farmer Roger, owner of the farm near which the 1st Massachusetts
+monument stands, is visiting her old home on the battleground where she
+stood from sunrise to sunset for two days of the battle making hot
+biscuits for the Boys in Blue. She refused to take money for the bread,
+and refused to stop her work even when Confederate shells were bursting
+around the house. She told me the other day that when her stock of flour
+was almost exhausted six members of the 1st Massachusetts kindly
+volunteered to go out and steal three sacks of flour from General
+Sickles’ commissary stores. In an hour’s time they returned with flour,
+raisins, currants, and a whole sheep, with which a rattling good meal
+was made.
+
+“The old range still stands in the kitchen, and in it, at the last
+reunion of the 3rd Corps, Mrs. Slyder cooked a dinner for General
+Sickles.”
+
+
+ Spangler’s Spring
+
+This spring, which takes its name from Abraham Spangler, its owner at
+the time of the battle, is located at the southeast corner of Culp’s
+Hill. Inasmuch as it was used by soldiers of both armies during the
+battle, and since then by thousands of tourists, it is an interesting
+feature of the field. Only during the drought of 1930 has it failed to
+give forth a copious flow of cool, pure water. At the time of the battle
+it was surrounded by a wall of flat stones with a flagstone cover over
+the top. These were removed and a canopy top erected.
+
+The 12th Corps of the Army of the Potomac occupied this part of Meade’s
+line on the night of the first day and until the afternoon of the 2nd,
+when the troops were ordered to the left to help repel Longstreet’s
+assault. Until this time the spring was used only by the Union troops.
+During their absence, the Confederates under Johnson moved up and took
+possession of part of the vacated line. In the early morning of the
+third day, the Union forces, who had returned from the left during the
+night of the 2nd, attacked Johnson, drove him out and succeeded in
+regaining possession of the line that had been vacated by them on the
+afternoon of the 2nd, including the spring.
+
+The story that a truce was entered into between the opposing forces on
+the night of the 2nd and that they met in large numbers at the spring to
+get water is a mistake. The captured and wounded of the Union forces
+were allowed access to it along with the Confederates who were there at
+the time, but there was no truce. When armies were encamped, pickets
+from the opposing lines would sometimes get together, usually to trade
+coffee and tobacco, but this was never done when a battle was in
+progress.
+
+ [Illustration: Spangler’s Spring.—Spangler’s Spring was used first
+ by the Union, then by the Confederate troops, and since by thousands
+ of tourists]
+
+The following extract from the address of Captain Joseph Matchett at the
+dedication of the monument erected by the 46th Pennsylvania Infantry
+Regiment, shows that there was no truce:
+
+“Some time in the night (2nd), we were ordered to return to our works on
+Culp’s Hill. It seems Captain Selfridge of Company H had taken some of
+his men’s canteens and gone ahead to Spangler’s Spring to fill them,
+when he discovered ‘Johnnies’ also filling their canteens. He backed out
+with the best grace he could command, and reported it to the colonel.
+Colonel McDougall, the brigade commander, did not believe it and got
+very angry, but the colonel of the regiment insisted on deploying his
+men, and sent a skirmish line, who found the enemy as stated and saved
+many lives.”
+
+
+ Colonel Avery’s Lost Grave
+
+Among those who faced death in the desperate charge on the Union right
+on East Cemetery Hill, July 2nd, Colonel I. E. Avery, of North Carolina,
+in command of Hoke’s brigade, bore a gallant part. At the head of the
+column he led his men up the slope of Cemetery Hill and, a conspicuous
+mark, fell mortally wounded.
+
+Unable to speak, he drew a card from his pocket and wrote the following:
+“Tell father that I died with my face toward the enemy.” In the retreat
+from Gettysburg, his body was taken along to be delivered to his family,
+but when the army reached Williamsport the Potomac was too high to
+cross. There, in the cemetery overlooking the river, the remains were
+interred in an oak coffin under a pine tree. He was buried in his
+uniform by the men who saw him fall.
+
+Thirty years after, Judge A. C. Avery, of the Supreme Court of North
+Carolina, a resident of Morgantown, and Captain J. A. McPherson of
+Fayette, N. C., both veterans of the Confederacy, came to Williamsport
+with the object of locating Colonel Avery’s grave. Their search was
+fruitless.
+
+
+ The Leister House
+
+On his arrival, General Meade established his headquarters at the
+Leister House, one of the oldest houses in the community, located at the
+intersection of Meade Avenue and the Taneytown Road. At the time of the
+battle it was the property of a widow, Mrs. Leister. It now belongs to
+the Government, and a bronze plate marks it as Meade’s Headquarters. It
+is built of logs, chinked and weatherboarded with rough pine boards,
+pierced by bullet-holes and scarred by shells.
+
+Inside there are two rooms, a small kitchen at the west, and a larger
+room at the east. In the latter, Meade held a council of war after the
+battle of the 2nd had ended, summoning his Corps commanders between 9
+and 10 o’clock to consult them as to what action, if any, should be
+taken on the 3rd. Generals Sedgwick, Slocum, Hancock, Howard, Sykes,
+Newton, Birney, Williams, and Gibbon were present. The following
+questions were asked:
+
+(1) Under existing circumstances is it advisable for this army to remain
+in its present position, or to retire to another nearer its base of
+supplies?
+
+(2) It being determined to remain in present position, shall the army
+attack or wait the attack of the enemy?
+
+(3) If we wait attack, how long?
+
+_Replies_:
+
+Gibbon: (1) Correct position of the army, but would not retreat. (2) In
+no condition to attack, in his opinion. (3) Until he moves.
+
+Williams: (1) Stay. (2) Wait attack. (3) One day.
+
+Birney and Sykes: Same as General Williams.
+
+Newton: (1) Correct position of the army, but would not retreat. (2) By
+all means not attack. (3) If we wait it will give them a chance to cut
+our line.
+
+Howard: (1) Remain. (2) Wait attack until 4 P.M. tomorrow. (3) If don’t
+attack, attack them.
+
+Hancock: (1) Rectify position without moving so as to give up field. (2)
+Not attack unless our communications are cut. (3) Can’t wait long; can’t
+be idle.
+
+Sedgwick: (1) Remain. (2) Wait attack. (3) At least one day.
+
+Slocum: (1) Stay and fight it out.
+
+The unanimous opinion of the council was to stay and await attack. Just
+as the council broke up, General Meade said to Gibbon, “If Lee attacks
+tomorrow, it will be on your front. He has made attacks on both our
+flanks and failed, and if he concludes to try it again it will be on our
+center.” The attack of Lee on the 3rd was made where Meade expected.
+
+During the forenoon of the third day, conditions at headquarters were
+generally quiet. In the afternoon, when the Confederate artillery on
+Seminary Ridge opened fire as a prelude to Pickett’s Charge, it was
+directed mainly against the left center of the Union line on Cemetery
+Ridge. As the location of Meade’s headquarters was in the immediate
+rear, just under the crest of the ridge, much damage was done by the
+hail of shot and shell that crossed the ridge. A shell exploded in the
+yard among the staff officers’ horses tied to the fence, and a number of
+them were killed, while still other horses were killed in the rear of
+the building. Several members of the headquarters’ guard were slightly
+wounded.
+
+George G. Meade, a grandson of General Meade, in his interesting
+narrative “With Meade at Gettysburg,” tells the following story:
+
+“During this rain of Confederate shell, and while Meade, deep in
+thought, was walking up and down this little back yard between the house
+and the Taneytown Road, he chanced to notice that some of his staff,
+during the enforced inactivity while waiting the pleasure of their
+general, were gradually and probably unconsciously edging around the
+side of the house.
+
+“‘Gentlemen,’ he said, stopping and smiling pleasantly, ‘Are you trying
+to find a safer place? You remind me of the man who was driving the
+ox-cart which took ammunition for the heavy guns on the field of Palo
+Alto. Finding himself within range, he tilted up his cart and got behind
+it. Just then General Taylor came along, and seeing the attempt at
+shelter, shouted, “You damned fool; don’t you know you are no safer
+there than anywhere else?” The driver replied, “I don’t suppose I am,
+General, but it kind o’ feels so.”’”
+
+As the firing still continued it was decided to move the headquarters
+several hundred yards south on the Taneytown Road, to a barn on the
+Cassatt property. There a Confederate shell exploded and wounded General
+Butterfield, the chief of staff, who was obliged to leave the field and
+was unable to return that day. After remaining a short time, General
+Meade and staff removed to General Slocum’s headquarters at Powers’
+Hill, along the Baltimore Pike, moving there by way of Granite Lane.
+
+
+ The Louisiana Tigers
+
+Major Chatham R. Wheat’s battalion of Louisiana Infantry was organized
+in New Orleans in May, 1861. Their first engagement was in the first
+battle of Bull Run, where Major Wheat was shot through both lungs. After
+his recovery, he re-entered the service and took an active part in
+command of the battalion in the defense of Richmond in 1863 against the
+advance of the Union forces under McClellan. During this campaign the
+battalion became known as “The Louisiana Tigers” on account of their
+desperate fighting qualities. At the battle of Gaines Mill, Major Wheat
+and several other leading officers of the battalion were killed, and the
+loss of the organization was very heavy. It was then broken up and the
+survivors distributed among the other Louisiana regiments, of Hays’
+brigade of Early’s Division, and Nicholls’ brigade of Johnson’s Division
+of Ewell’s Corps. A number of them were in the battle of Gettysburg with
+these brigades, but not as the separate organization originally known as
+“The Louisiana Tigers.” This designation was given to all the Louisiana
+troops after the original battalion was discontinued. The story
+sometimes told, that 1,700 Louisiana Tigers attacked East Cemetery Hill
+on July 2nd, that all but 300 were killed or captured, and that the
+organization was unknown afterward, is not correct.
+
+
+ General Meade’s “Baldy”
+
+In the first great battle of the Civil War, at Bull Run, there was a
+bright bay horse with white face and feet. He, as well as his rider, was
+seriously wounded and the horse was turned back to the quartermaster to
+recover. In September General Meade bought him and named him “Baldy.”
+Meade became deeply attached to the horse but his staff officers soon
+began to complain of his peculiar racking gait which was hard to follow.
+Faster than a walk and slow for a trot, it compelled the staff
+alternately to trot and walk.
+
+“Baldy” was wounded twice at the first battle of Bull Run; he was at the
+battle of Drainsville; he took part in two of the seven days’ fighting
+around Richmond in the summer of 1862; he carried his master at
+Groveton, August 29th; at the second battle of Bull Run; at South
+Mountain and at Antietam. In the last battle he was left on the field
+for dead, but in the next Federal advance he was discovered quietly
+grazing on the battleground with a deep wound in his neck. He was
+tenderly cared for and soon was fit for duty. He bore the general at the
+battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. For two days he was
+present at Gettysburg, where he received his most grievous wound from a
+bullet entering his body between the ribs and lodging there. Meade would
+not part with him and kept him with the army until the following spring.
+
+In the preparations of the Army of the Potomac for the last campaign,
+“Baldy” was sent to pasture at Downingtown, Pa. After the surrender of
+Lee at Appomattox, Meade hurried to Philadelphia where he again met his
+faithful charger, fully recovered. For many years the horse and the
+general were inseparable companions, and when Meade died in 1872,
+“Baldy” followed the hearse. Ten years later he died, and his head and
+two fore-hoofs were mounted and are now cherished relics of the George
+G. Meade Post, Grand Army of the Republic, in Philadelphia.
+
+
+ General Lee’s “Traveller”
+
+The most famous of the steeds in the stables of General Lee, was
+“Traveller,” an iron-gray horse. He was raised in Greenbriar County,
+Virginia, near Blue Sulphur Springs, and as a colt won first prize at a
+fair in Lewisburg. When hostilities commenced, Traveller, then called
+“Jeff Davis,” was owned by Major Thomas L. Broun, who had paid $175 in
+gold for him. In the spring of 1862, Lee bought him for $200 and changed
+his name to “Traveller.”
+
+“Traveller” was the especial companion of the general. His fine
+proportions attracted immediate attention. He was gray in color, with
+black points, a long mane, and flowing tail. He stood sixteen hands
+high, and was five years old in the spring of 1862. His figure was
+muscular, with deep chest and short back, strong haunches, flat legs,
+small head, quick eyes, broad forehead, and small feet. His rapid,
+springy step and bold carriage made him conspicuous. On a long and
+tedious march he easily carried Lee’s weight at five or six miles an
+hour without faltering and at the end of the day’s march seemed to be as
+fresh as at the beginning. The other horses broke down under the strain
+and each in turn proved unequal to the rigors of war, but “Traveller”
+sturdily withstood the hardships of the campaigns in Virginia, Maryland,
+and Pennsylvania. When, in April, 1865, the last battle of the Army of
+Northern Virginia had been fought and Lee rode to the McLean House at
+Appomattox Court House, he was astride “Traveller” who carried him back
+to his waiting army, and then to Richmond. When Lee became a private
+citizen and retired to Washington and Lee University as its president,
+the veteran war-horse was still with him, and as the years passed and
+both master and servant neared life’s ending, they became more closely
+attached. As the funeral cortege accompanied Lee to his last
+resting-place, “Traveller” marched behind the hearse. After
+“Traveller’s” death, his skeleton was mounted and is on exhibition in
+the museum in the chapel on the campus of Washington and Lee University.
+
+ [Illustration: A Union Battery, in action on the afternoon of the
+ second day]
+
+
+
+
+ THE THIRD DAY
+
+
+The first engagement on the third day was a continuation and conclusion
+of the attack and defense of Meade’s right. His forces, returning from
+the left, where they had been sent on the afternoon of the 2nd, found
+part of their earthworks in possession of the enemy. At daybreak
+preparations were made to recapture the lost entrenchments. By 10.30 the
+effort was successful, and Meade’s line was once more intact from end to
+end.
+
+
+ Second Battle at Culp’s Hill.
+
+This action on the morning of the 3rd was one of the most hotly
+contested of the battle. The Confederate losses in killed were almost
+the same as those of Pickett’s Division in the attack on Meade’s left
+center in the afternoon. Meade’s losses were comparatively light, as his
+line was well protected by the line of earthworks. So intense was the
+artillery and musketry fire that hundreds of trees were shattered. After
+the repulse, Johnson’s forces were withdrawn, and this ended their
+participation in the battle.
+
+
+ Meade’s Line of the Third Day.
+
+After the engagement on the morning of the 2nd, the 12th Corps
+reoccupied its original line, beginning on the right at Spangler’s Hill
+and extending to and over Culp’s Hill. Wadsworth’s Division of the 1st
+Corps retained its position of the 2nd, between Culp’s Hill and Barlow’s
+Division under Ames of the 11th Corps, at the foot of East Cemetery
+Hill. Barlow’s Division was strengthened by a brigade of the 2nd Corps.
+Doubleday’s Division of the 1st Corps, which had taken the position of
+Caldwell’s Division on the left of the 2nd Corps, remained. Caldwell was
+posted so as to support the artillery reserve to the left of Doubleday.
+
+The other divisions of the 1st and 2nd Corps remained in the positions
+they occupied on the morning of the 2nd. The 5th Corps extended the line
+from the left of the artillery reserve to Big Round Top. Some of the
+brigades of the 6th Corps were put in position as local reserves and
+others to protect the flanks of the line. The 3rd Corps was posted in
+rear of the center as a general reserve. A detachment of cavalry was in
+reserve in rear of the 2nd Corps at the Angle. Few changes were made in
+the artillery positions. Beginning at Cemetery Hill and extending to
+Little Round Top, about ninety guns, under General Hunt, were in
+position to operate.
+
+ [Illustration: Meade’s Headquarters.—The Leister House, General
+ Meade’s headquarters until the artillery fire on the third day
+ compelled him to move]
+
+
+ Lee’s Line of the Third Day.
+
+Beginning on the right, Longstreet’s Corps held the ground west of Plum
+Run, including the base of Big Round Top, Devil’s Den, and the Peach
+Orchard. Pickett’s Division, after its arrival on the field on the
+morning of the 3rd, took the place of Anderson in reserve. Heth’s and
+Pender’s Divisions extended the line to the left on Seminary Ridge,
+connecting with part of Rodes’ Division in the western part of the town.
+Early’s and Johnson’s Divisions, after the engagement on the morning of
+the 3rd, held their positions of the 2nd. Changes in the positions of
+the batteries of artillery were made on the morning of the 3rd. A total
+of 138 guns were in position to operate. Those on the right were in
+charge of Colonel E. P. Alexander; those on the left under Colonel R. L.
+Walker.
+
+
+ The Bliss Buildings.
+
+After the end of the engagement at Culp’s Hill at 10.30 A.M. there was a
+short battle for the capture of the Bliss house and barn, midway between
+the lines in front of Ziegler’s Grove. These buildings were occupied by
+Confederate sharpshooters, who were causing considerable loss in Hays’
+line of the 2nd Corps at the grove. Two regiments were sent forward, the
+12th New Jersey and the 14th Connecticut, and the buildings were
+captured and burned.
+
+
+ The Artillery Duel.
+
+Until 1 o’clock there was comparative quiet. It was ended on the stroke
+of the hour by two guns of Miller’s battery belonging to the Washington
+artillery of New Orleans, posted near the Peach Orchard, and fired in
+rapid succession as a signal to the Confederate artillery.
+
+The Confederate Colonel Alexander says:
+
+ “_At exactly 1 o’clock by my watch the two signal guns were heard in
+ quick succession. In another minute every gun was at work. The enemy
+ was not slow in coming back at us, and the grand roar of nearly the
+ whole of both armies burst in on the silence._
+
+ “_The enemy’s position seemed to have broken out with guns everywhere,
+ and from Round Top to Cemetery Hill was blazing like a volcano._”
+
+The artillery duel was but a preface, intended to clear the ground for
+the infantry action to follow. The order had already been given by
+Longstreet to Alexander:
+
+ “_Colonel: The intention is to advance the infantry if the artillery
+ has the desired effect of driving the enemy off, or having other
+ effect such as to warrant us in making the attack. When the moment
+ arrives advise General Pickett, and of course advance such artillery
+ as you can use in making the attack._”
+
+General Wright, who was present when this order was received, expressed
+doubt as to whether the attack could be successfully made. He said:
+
+ “_It is not so hard to go there as it looks; I was nearly there with
+ my brigade yesterday. The trouble is to stay there. The whole Yankee
+ army is there in a bunch._”
+
+For one and a half hours the air was filled with screaming, whistling
+shot and shell. An occasional Whitworth missile, from Oak Hill on the
+north, made, on account of its peculiar form, a noise that could be
+heard above the din of all others. The headquarters of General Meade at
+the Leister House formed a concentric point continually swept with a
+storm of shot and shell. Headquarters were therefore moved to Slocum’s
+headquarters at Powers’ Hill, along the Baltimore Pike.
+
+ [Illustration: Locations, Buildings and Avenues as referred to in “The
+ Battle of Gettysburg”
+ High-resolution Map]
+
+Batteries on the Union line, especially at the Angle, were badly
+damaged, and General Hunt had others brought forward with additional
+supplies of ammunition. On the whole the losses inflicted upon the Union
+infantry were comparatively light. The stone wall and the undulations of
+the ground afforded protection, as most of the men were lying down.
+
+After the artillery had operated for about an hour and a half, Meade and
+Hunt deemed it prudent to stop the fire, in order to cool the guns, save
+ammunition, and allow the atmosphere between the lines to clear of the
+dense cloud of smoke before the expected attack was made. This pause in
+the fire led the Confederates to believe that the Union line was
+demoralized, and that the opportune time had arrived for the onset of
+the infantry. Accordingly, they moved forward and Pickett’s Charge was
+on.
+
+At the signal station on Little Round Top, General Warren and others saw
+gray infantry moving out across the plain in front of the Spangler
+Woods. Warren at once wig-wagged to General Hunt:
+
+ “_They are moving out to attack._”
+
+This message was passed from man to man along the entire Union line.
+
+ [Illustration: Devil’s Den.—Hid among the rocks of Devil’s Den,
+ Confederate sharpshooters picked off officers and men occupying
+ Little Round Top]
+
+
+ Pickett’s Charge.
+
+Pickett’s Division of Longstreet’s Corps was moved from the rear to the
+ravine in front of the Spangler Woods and placed in line as follows:
+Kemper on the right; Garnett on the left in the front line; Armistead in
+the rear, overlapping Kemper’s left and Garnett’s right, in the second
+line. On the left of Garnett was ranged Archer’s Brigade of Hill’s Corps
+under Frye, then Pettigrew’s Brigade under Marshall. Next to Marshall
+came Davis’ Brigade of Hill’s Corps, and on the extreme left
+Brockenbrough’s Brigade, also of Hill’s Corps. In the rear of the right
+of Pickett were the brigades of Wilcox and Perry of Hill’s Corps and in
+the rear of Pettigrew were the brigades of Scales and Lane of Hill’s
+Corps, in command of Trimble.
+
+The column of assault consisted of 42 regiments—19 Virginia, 15 North
+Carolina, 2 Alabama, 3 Tennessee, and 3 Mississippi—a total of about
+15,000 men.
+
+In addition to the artillery fire, they encountered 27 regiments—9 of
+New York, 5 of Pennsylvania, 3 of Massachusetts, 3 of Vermont, 1 of
+Michigan, 1 of Maine, 1 of Minnesota, 1 of New Jersey, 1 of Connecticut,
+1 of Ohio, and 1 of Delaware—a total of 9,000 to 10,000 men.
+
+In advance of the assaulting column a strong skirmish line was deployed.
+A skirmish line was also deployed in front of Meade’s line, which fell
+back as the assaulting column drew near.
+
+
+ The Advance.
+
+General Longstreet ordered General Alexander, Chief of Artillery, to
+watch the havoc wrought in the Union line and signify the moment for
+advance.
+
+General Alexander says:
+
+ “_Before the cannonade opened I made up my mind to give the order to
+ advance within fifteen or twenty minutes after it began. But when I
+ looked at the full development of the enemy’s batteries and knew that
+ his infantry was generally protected from fire by stone walls and
+ swells of the ground, I could not bring myself to give the word._
+
+ “_I let the 15 minutes pass, and 20, and 25, hoping vainly for
+ something to turn up. Then I wrote to Pickett: ‘If you are coming at
+ all, come at once, or I cannot give you proper support; but the
+ enemy’s fire has not slackened at all; at least eighteen guns are
+ still firing from the cemetery itself.’_
+
+ “_Five minutes after sending that message, the enemy’s fire suddenly
+ began to slacken, and the guns in the cemetery limbered up and vacated
+ the position._
+
+ “_Then I wrote to Pickett: ‘Come quick; eighteen guns are gone; unless
+ you advance quick, my ammunition won’t let me support you properly.’_
+
+ “_Pickett then rode forward, and on meeting Longstreet said: ‘General,
+ shall I advance?’ Longstreet nodded his assent and the column moved
+ forward._”
+
+The column passed through the line of guns, fifteen or eighteen of which
+had been ordered to follow. Meanwhile the eighteen Union guns that were
+withdrawn were replaced by others. The Union line was once more intact,
+and it opened a terrific fire against the rapidly moving columns of
+assault. As the Confederates continued to advance, their courage
+unaffected in face of the tremendous fire of both artillery and
+infantry, their enemies were filled with admiration.
+
+At the Emmitsburg Road, where post-and-rail fences had to be crossed,
+the line was broken, but only for a moment. The musketry fire from the
+Union line was so heavy that the attacking column was unable to maintain
+a regular alignment, and when the Angle was reached the identity of the
+different brigades was lost.
+
+Armistead’s Brigade forged to the front at the Angle, and, reaching the
+wall, Armistead raised his hat on his sword and said:
+
+ “_Give them the cold steel, boys!_”
+
+With a few men he advanced to Cushing’s guns, where he fell, mortally
+wounded. Cushing also was mortally wounded. Garnett, who was mounted,
+was killed a short distance from the wall. Kemper was badly wounded.
+Pickett lost all of his field officers but one. The Union Generals
+Hancock and Gibbon were wounded at the same time. For a short time the
+struggle was hand to hand.
+
+To the right of the Angle most of the brigades on Pickett’s left reached
+the stone wall on Hays’ front at Ziegler’s Grove, but were obliged to
+retreat after meeting a withering fire both in front and on flank.
+
+The brigades of Wilcox and Perry, in the rear of Pickett’s right, did
+not move until after the advance lines were part way across. Because of
+a misunderstanding, a gap was opened between Pickett’s right and
+Wilcox’s left. At once Stannard’s Vermont Brigade of the 1st Corps
+attacked both Pickett’s right and Wilcox’s left.
+
+General Pickett, who had reached the Codori buildings, saw that the
+assaulting forces were unable to accomplish the object of the charge,
+and ordered a retreat. It was accomplished, but with heavy losses.
+
+Both commanding officers witnessed the retreat: General Meade from where
+his statue stands east of the Angle, and General Lee from the position
+of his statue north of the Spangler Woods.
+
+ [Illustration: Whitworth Guns.—These two Whitworths, imported from
+ England by the Confederates, were the only breech-loading guns used
+ in the battle]
+
+
+ Engagements on the Union Left.
+
+While Pickett’s Charge was under way, the Pennsylvania Reserves, under
+McCandless, charged from the stone wall on the east side of the
+Wheatfield and regained possession of Devil’s Den and adjacent territory
+held by Longstreet’s forces since the engagement of the afternoon of the
+2nd. Farther south, between Big Round Top and the line held by
+Longstreet’s right, a cavalry charge was made by Farnsworth’s Brigade of
+Kilpatrick’s Division. Farnsworth was killed. Merritt’s Brigade of
+Buford’s Division, which reached the field on the 3rd, engaged some of
+Longstreet’s troops along the Emmitsburg Road. The accomplished object
+of these movements was to prevent Longstreet from giving assistance to
+the charge of Pickett on Meade’s center.
+
+
+ The Cavalry Fight on the Right Flank.
+
+As already noted, General Stuart in his movement in rear of the Army of
+the Potomac with three brigades of cavalry—Fitzhugh Lee’s, Wade
+Hampton’s, and Chambliss’—reached Hanover on June 30th, fought a battle
+in the streets, and moved on to Carlisle on the afternoon of July 1st.
+There he got in touch with the main Confederate Army, with which he had
+been out of communication for seven days.
+
+After an encounter with a portion of Kilpatrick’s forces at Hunterstown
+on the afternoon of July 2nd, he moved up to a position between the
+Hunterstown and Harrisburg roads on Ewell’s left, expecting to reach
+Meade’s rear about the time of Pickett’s Charge on Meade’s front. He was
+joined by Jenkins’ Confederate Brigade of mounted infantry armed with
+Enfield rifles. Jenkins was wounded at Hunterstown, and the brigade and
+the command fell to Colonel Ferguson.
+
+General Gregg, in command of the 2nd Cavalry Division of the Union Army,
+reached the field east of Gettysburg at the intersection of the Hanover
+and Low Dutch roads at 11 A.M. on July 2nd. In the afternoon he halted a
+movement of Walker’s brigade of Johnson’s Division, Ewell’s Corps, in
+their movement from Brinkerhoff Ridge to assist in the attack on Meade’s
+right at Culp’s Hill. He bivouacked for the night near the bridge across
+White Run. On the morning of the 3rd he returned to the position of the
+2nd, and took an active part in the cavalry fight on the right flank at
+the time of Pickett’s Charge. In the afternoon, in the important
+engagement on East Cavalry Field he successfully opposed General Stuart
+in his efforts to get behind the Union line.
+
+
+ The Location.
+
+East Cavalry Field is 3 miles east of Gettysburg and includes the
+territory lying between the York Pike on the north and the Hanover Road
+on the south. On the east it is bounded by the Low Dutch Road which
+intersects the Baltimore Pike at its southern end, and the York Pike at
+its northern end. Brinkerhoff Ridge, which crosses the Hanover Road at
+right angles about 1½ miles east of the town, forms its boundary on the
+west. Cress Ridge is formed by the elevation between Cress’s Run on the
+west and Little’s Run on the east. Both ridges right angle across the
+Hanover Road.
+
+All the positions held by troops have been marked and the entire field
+is readily accessible over well-built roads and avenues. Because of its
+partial isolation from the principal fields, this important area is not
+visited as frequently as it should be.
+
+
+ General Stuart’s Plan.
+
+General Stuart did not wish to bring on a general engagement. He
+expected his skirmishers to keep the Union Cavalry engaged while his
+other forces were moving undiscovered toward the rear of Meade’s line.
+He says in his report:
+
+ “_On the morning of July 3, pursuant to instructions from the
+ commanding general, I moved forward to a position to the left of Gen.
+ Ewell’s left, and in advance of it, where a commanding ridge (Cress
+ Ridge) completely controlled a wide plain of cultivated fields
+ stretching toward Hanover, on the left, and reaching to the base of
+ the mountain spurs, among which the enemy held position. My command
+ was increased by the addition of Jenkins’ Brigade, who here in the
+ presence of the enemy allowed themselves to be supplied with but 10
+ rounds of ammunition, although armed with approved Enfield muskets._
+
+ “_I moved this command and W. H. F. Lee’s secretly through the woods
+ to a position, and hoped to effect a surprise upon the enemy’s rear,
+ but Hampton’s and Fitz Lee’s Brigades, which had been ordered to
+ follow me, unfortunately debouched into the open ground, disclosing
+ the movement, and causing a corresponding movement of a large force of
+ the enemy’s cavalry._”
+
+It was the advance of Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee which caused Stuart’s
+plans to miscarry.
+
+ [Illustration: Reaching East Cemetery Hill on the afternoon of the
+ first day, General Hancock took command of the Union troops. On the
+ second day the guns pointed downward to meet the onslaught of the
+ Confederates]
+
+ [Illustration: Little Round Top.—Its strategic importance was seen
+ by General Warren who commanded it to be fortified and held]
+
+
+ General Gregg’s Report.
+
+On the Union side, General D. McM. Gregg had under his command three
+brigades of cavalry—one in command of General George A. Custer, who
+later was responsible for “Custer’s Last Charge” in Indian warfare.
+General Gregg’s report gives a brief description of the many charges and
+countercharges:
+
+ “_A strong line of skirmishers displayed by the enemy was evidence
+ that the enemy’s cavalry had gained our right, and were about to
+ attack, with the view of gaining the rear of our line of battle. The
+ importance of successfully resisting an attack at this point, which,
+ if succeeded in by the enemy, would have been productive of the most
+ serious consequences, determined me to retain the brigade of the Third
+ Division until the enemy were driven back. General Custer, commanding
+ the brigade, fully satisfied of the intended attack, was well pleased
+ to remain with his brigade. The First New Jersey Cavalry was posted as
+ mounted skirmishers to the right and front in a wood. The Third
+ Pennsylvania Cavalry deployed as dismounted skirmishers to the left
+ and front in open fields, and the First Maryland on the Hanover
+ turnpike, in position to protect the right of my line._
+
+ “_The very superior force of dismounted skirmishers of the enemy
+ advanced on our left and front required the line to be re-enforced by
+ one of General Custer’s regiments. At this time the skirmishing became
+ very brisk on both sides, and the artillery fire was begun by the
+ enemy and ourselves. During the skirmish of the dismounted men, the
+ enemy brought upon the field a column for a charge. The charge of this
+ column was met by the Seventh Michigan Cavalry, of the First (Second)
+ Brigade, Third Division, but not successfully. The advantage gained in
+ this charge was soon wrested from the enemy by the gallant charge of
+ the First Michigan, of the same brigade. This regiment drove the enemy
+ back to his starting point, the enemy withdrew to his left, and on
+ passing the wood in which the First New Jersey Cavalry was posted,
+ that regiment gallantly and successfully charged the flank of his
+ column. Heavy skirmishing was still maintained by the Third
+ Pennsylvania Cavalry with the enemy, and was continued until
+ nightfall. During the engagement, a portion of this regiment made a
+ very handsome and successful charge upon one of the enemy’s regiments.
+ The enemy retired his column behind his artillery, and at dark
+ withdrew from his former position. The fire of the artillery during
+ this engagement was the most accurate that I have ever seen._”
+
+Stuart’s forces numbered about 7,000, and Gregg and Custer’s about
+5,000.
+
+
+ Lee’s Retreat.
+
+On the night of the 3rd, Lee withdrew all his forces to Seminary and
+Snyder ridges. Orders were issued and instructions given for the retreat
+to the Potomac River at Williamsport and Falling Waters. The effectives
+moved to Fairfield over the Hagerstown or Fairfield Road. The
+wagon-train, 17 miles long, with the wounded, was moved by way of the
+Cashtown Road (Chambersburg Pike), under the command of
+Brigadier-General John D. Imboden, who has described his interview with
+General Lee at his headquarters, which were still located in an orchard
+in the rear of the Seminary buildings, as follows:
+
+ “_He invited me into his tent, and as soon as we were seated he
+ remarked: ‘We must now return to Virginia. As many of our poor wounded
+ as possible must be taken home. I have sent for you because your men
+ and horses are fresh and in good condition, to guard and conduct our
+ train back to Virginia. The duty will be arduous, responsible, and
+ dangerous, for I am afraid you will be harassed by the enemy’s
+ cavalry. I can spare you as much artillery as you may require but no
+ other troops, as I shall need all I have to return safely by a
+ different and shorter route than yours. The batteries are generally
+ short of ammunition, but you will probably meet a supply I have
+ ordered from Winchester to Williamsport._”
+
+On account of a terrific rainstorm shortly after noon on the 4th there
+was considerable delay in getting the Confederate train started. Well
+guarded in front and rear, the head of the column near Cashtown was put
+in motion and began the ascent of the mountain. The wounded suffered
+indescribable hardships. Many had been without food for thirty-six
+hours, and had received no medical attention since the battle. Among the
+wounded officers were General Pender and General Scales. The trip cost
+Pender his life. General Imboden said:
+
+ “_During this retreat I witnessed the most heartrending scenes of the
+ War._”
+
+As a military movement the retreat was a success. Though harassed by
+pursuing forces, the train reached the Potomac with comparatively little
+loss.
+
+The main Confederate Army crossed the mountain, principally at the
+Fairfield gap. On account of the heavy rain, Ewell’s Corps, which
+brought up the rear did not leave Gettysburg until the forenoon of the
+5th. Somewhat delayed, but not seriously impeded, Lee arrived at the
+Potomac on July 12, finding it too high to cross. There he entrenched
+his army. The next day, the waters having fallen, he got safely away.
+
+
+ No Pursuit by Meade.
+
+Because of Lee’s strong position, Meade made no countercharge. He had
+won a notable victory, and believed it unwise to risk undoing his work.
+His army had suffered heavily. Both armies moved south. The Confederate
+cause had received a severe blow. The defeat at Gettysburg and the
+surrender of Vicksburg on July 4th to Grant ended all hope of foreign
+recognition. Yet, for almost two years the desperate struggle was to
+continue!
+
+ [Illustration: The boulder-strewn face of Little Round Top,
+ assaulted by brave Confederates and held by brave Unionists]
+
+
+ The Gettysburg Carnage.
+
+The War records estimate the Union casualties, killed, wounded, and
+missing, at 23,000 of the 84,000 engaged. The Confederate casualties are
+estimated at over 20,000 of the 75,000 engaged. Approximately 10,000
+bodies were left at Gettysburg for burial, and 21,000 living men to be
+healed of their wounds.
+
+No words can picture the desolation of the little town. As the soldiers
+marched away, their places were taken by physicians and surgeons, nurses
+and orderlies, civilian as well as military, and the ministrations of
+mercy began. In these the citizens of Gettysburg, especially the women,
+took an important part. Hither came also a new army of parents and wives
+and brothers and sisters, seeking, sometimes with success, sometimes
+with grievous disappointment, for their beloved.
+
+
+
+
+ HAPPENINGS ON THE THIRD DAY
+
+
+ A Medal for Disobedience
+
+On the afternoon of July 3rd, Captain William E. Miller, of Company H,
+2nd Brigade, of Gregg’s Division of Union Cavalry, made a charge against
+the Confederate Cavalry, in command of Major-General J. E. B. Stuart, in
+their movement from Cress Ridge, East Cavalry Field, to reach the rear
+of Meade’s line at the time of Pickett’s Charge.
+
+The incident is described by Captain William Brooke Rawle, a participant
+in the charge, in his “History of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry.”
+
+“When the cavalry fighting began, Captain Miller’s squadron was
+stationed in Lott’s woods to the west of the Low Dutch Road, beyond the
+Hanover Road, and was deployed, mounted as skirmishers, along the
+western edge of the woods. There was considerable long-range firing
+before the climax of the fighting came. About 3 o’clock in the afternoon
+... a large body of cavalry, which proved to be Hampton’s and Fitzhugh
+Lee’s brigades, was seen approaching in magnificent order, mounted, from
+the northern side of the field. Captain Miller and I rode out a few
+yards in front of our position to a slight rise in the ground to get a
+good view. The enemy quickened his pace, first to a trot, then to a
+gallop, and then the charge was sounded. The nearest available compact
+body of Union Cavalry at hand to meet the enemy was the 1st Michigan
+Cavalry of General Custer’s brigade, which was serving temporarily under
+General Gregg. It was ordered to meet the enemy’s charge by a
+counter-charge, although the Confederate brigade greatly outnumbered the
+Michigan regiment. Captain Miller and I saw at once that unless more men
+were sent against the enemy the Michigan regiment would be swept from
+the field. He said to me, ‘I have been ordered to hold this position at
+all hazards, but if you will back me up if I get into trouble for
+exceeding my orders, I will make a charge with the squadron.’ This was
+in order to make a diversion in favor of our troops, and help the
+Michigan men. I assured him in an emphatic manner that I would stand by
+him through thick and thin. He then ordered me to rally the left wing of
+the squadron while he did the same with the right. When this was done
+the squadron fired a volley into the Confederate column, which was
+within easy range. The men were very impatient to begin their charge,
+and the right wing, headed by Captain Miller, started off at a gallop.
+
+“A stone and rail fence divided the line of the squadron front, running
+at right angles to it, and I had to make a slight detour to get around
+it with the left wing of the squadron. This, and the fact that the head
+of the squadron was headed to the right oblique, caused a gap of some
+thirty yards or so between the rear of the portion of the squadron under
+Captain Miller and myself with the left of the left portion. Meanwhile
+the two opposing columns had met, and the head of the Confederate column
+was fast becoming jammed, and the men on the flanks were beginning to
+turn back. Captain Miller, with his men struck the left flank of the
+enemy’s column pretty well towards the rear, about two-thirds or
+three-fourths of the way down, and as the impetus of the latter had
+stopped while his men had full headway on, he drove well into the column
+and cut off its rear and forced it back in the direction whence it came,
+and the captain and some of his men got as far as the Rummel house. As
+to this last, I learned from the men engaged. Captain Miller was wounded
+in the arm during the fight.
+
+“I myself with the rear portion of Captain Miller’s squadron did not
+succeed in getting all the way through. Just as I and my men reached the
+flank of the enemy many of the latter were getting to the rear and we
+were swept along with the current and scattered, some of us, including
+myself, though narrowly escaping capture, succeeding in working our way
+in one’s and two’s to the right, where we got back into our lines again.
+
+“The gallant conduct and dashing charge made by Captain Miller and his
+men were commented upon by all who saw it. A fact that made it all the
+more commendable was that it was done upon his own responsibility,
+without orders from a superior officer.”
+
+In July, 1897, a Congressional Medal of Honor was bestowed upon Captain
+Miller by direction of President McKinley, through the Secretary of War,
+General Russell A. Alger. The conferring of this tribute was especially
+appropriate, inasmuch as General Alger himself had participated on the
+right flank as the Colonel of the 5th Michigan, and was therefore
+eminently competent to decide.
+
+
+ The Wentz House
+
+The Wentz house, which stands at the intersection of the Emmitsburg and
+Wheatfield roads, is now a Government-owned property, and is marked with
+an iron tablet with the inscription “Wentz House.” It is not the house
+that was there at the time of the battle; the original building was
+dismantled and the present building erected on the same site.
+
+At the time of the battle the house was owned and occupied by John
+Wentz, who cultivated the small tract of land belonging to it. He was
+twice married, and at this time was living with his second wife, who was
+the mother of Henry Wentz, the principal actor in an interesting
+incident of the battle of Gettysburg.
+
+For many years before the beginning of the Civil War, carriage and
+coach-building was one of the leading industries of Gettysburg. Henry
+Wentz served an apprenticeship with the Ziegler firm of Gettysburg. He
+was frequently sent to deliver the products of the firm, and thereby
+became well acquainted with the different sections where sales were
+made.
+
+In the early ’50’s he decided to move to Martinsburg, Va. (now W. Va.),
+and establish a carriage-building shop of his own. When a local military
+organization was formed and designated the “Martinsburg Blues,” Henry
+became a member. Equipped with uniforms and arms, the members were
+drilled from time to time. Similar organizations were formed throughout
+the North as well as the South. Most of the members of the Martinsburg
+Blues, including Henry Wentz, decided to cast their lot with the
+Southern cause, and were assigned to places in the armies of the South.
+But, by the irony of fate, he was destined to get back to his old home
+and command a battery posted back of the house on his father’s land.
+
+During the first day the Wentz property was not in danger, but when
+General Lee extended his line of battle south along the line of Seminary
+Ridge, and General Meade prolonged his line opposite on Cemetery Ridge
+in preparation for the battle of the second day, the Wentz family, with
+the exception of the father, decided to seek a safer location. On the
+night of the second day, after Sickles’ advanced line at the Wentz house
+had been repulsed and occupied by the forces under General Lee, Henry
+Wentz visited his old home and was greatly surprised to find his father
+still there.
+
+Early in the morning of the third day, 75 guns, in command of Colonel E.
+P. Alexander, were moved forward from Lee’s first line to the line held
+by Sickles’ advanced line on the second day. The battery in charge of
+Henry Wentz, who held the rank of lieutenant, was posted back of his old
+home, and he took an active part in the terrific artillery engagement
+prior to Pickett’s Charge that ended on that part of the field. Henry’s
+father kept to the cellar and, singularly, passed through it all
+unharmed and unhurt.
+
+After the repulse of Pickett’s Charge, the guns were withdrawn to their
+first line. During the night of the third day, Henry was anxious to know
+whether or not his father was still safe. He therefore went over to the
+house and found him fast asleep and unhurt in a corner of the cellar.
+Not wishing to disturb his much-needed rest, he found the stump of a
+candle, lit it, and wrote, “Good-bye and God bless you!” This message he
+pinned on the lapel of his father’s coat and returned to his command
+preparatory to the retreat to Virginia.
+
+Early on the morning of the 4th, the father awoke from his much-needed
+sleep and found that all the soldiers had departed. He then walked back
+to the ridge and saw Lee’s army making hurried preparations for the
+retreat.
+
+
+ Fought with a Hatchet
+
+At the battle of Gettysburg the 13th Vermont was a part of General
+Stannard’s Vermont command. The 2nd Vermont brigade had been left on
+outpost duty in Virginia until the third day after the Army of the
+Potomac had passed in pursuit of Lee’s troops into Maryland and
+Pennsylvania. Then the brigade got orders to proceed by forced marches
+to join the Army of the Potomac. The latter was also on a forced march,
+but in six days’ time the Vermonters had overtaken the main body. Just
+before the first day’s battle, Captain Brown’s command came up to a
+well, at which was an armed guard. “You can’t get water here,” said the
+guard. “’Gainst orders.” “Damn your orders!” said Captain Brown, and
+then with all the canteens of the men, and with only one man to help
+him, he thrust the guard aside and filled the canteens. His arrest
+followed, and he was deprived of his sword.
+
+When the battle began, Captain Brown was a prisoner. He begged for a
+chance to rejoin his company, and was allowed to go. His men were far
+away at the front, and he had no weapons. He picked up a camp hatchet
+and ran all the way to the firing-line, reached it, rushed into the
+fray, and singling out a Rebel officer 50 yards away, penetrated the
+Rebel ranks, collared the officer, wresting from him his sword and
+pistol, after which he dropped the hatchet, while his men cheered him
+amid the storm of bullets and smoke.
+
+When the design for the 13th Vermont monument was made, it was the
+desire of the committee to have the statue represent Captain Brown,
+hatchet in hand. Accordingly, a model was prepared, but the Federal
+Government would not permit its erection. A second model was approved,
+showing Captain Brown holding a sabre and belt in his hand, the hatchet
+lying at his feet as though just dropped. The sabre depicted in the
+statue is an exact reproduction of the one captured.
+
+This monument is on the east side of Hancock Avenue, near the large
+Stannard monument.
+
+
+ After the Battle
+
+This is an extract from “Four Years with the Army of the Potomac,” by
+Brigadier-General Regis de Trobriand, who commanded a brigade of
+Birney’s Division of the 3rd Corps during the battle of Gettysburg:
+
+“Between eight and nine o’clock in the evening of the 3rd, as the last
+glimmers of daylight disappeared behind us, I received an order to go
+down into the flat, and occupy the field of battle with two brigades in
+line. That of Colonel Madill was added to mine for that purpose. General
+Ward, who temporarily commanded the Division, remained in reserve with
+the 3rd.
+
+“The most profound calm reigned now, where a few hours before so furious
+a tempest had raged. The moon, with her smiling face, mounted up in the
+starry heavens as at Chancellorsville. Her pale light shone equally upon
+the living and the dead, the little flowers blooming in the grass as
+well as upon the torn bodies lying in the pools of clotted blood. Dead
+bodies were everywhere. On no field of battle have I ever seen them in
+such numbers. The greater part of my line was strewn with them, and,
+when the arms were stacked and the men asleep, one was unable to say, in
+that mingling of living and dead, which would awake the next morning and
+which would not.
+
+“Beyond the line of advanced sentinels, the wounded still lay where they
+had fallen, calling for assistance or asking for water. Their cries died
+away without any reply in the silence of the night, for the enemy was
+close by, and it was a dangerous undertaking to risk advancing into the
+space which separated us. In making an attempt, an officer of my staff
+drew three shots, which whistled unpleasantly near his ears. All labors
+of charity were necessarily put off till the next morning. It is sad to
+think that this was a sentence of death to numbers of the unfortunate.
+Mournful thoughts did not hinder the tired soldiers from sleeping.
+Everything was soon forgotten in a dreamless slumber.
+
+“At dawn of day, when I awakened, the first object which struck my eyes
+was a young sergeant stretched out on his back, his head resting on a
+flat stone, serving for a pillow. His position was natural, even
+graceful. One knee slightly raised, his hands crossed on his breast, a
+smile on his lips, caused by a dream, perhaps, of her who awaited his
+return in the distant Green Mountains. He was dead. Wounded, he had
+sought out this spot in which to die. His haversack was near him. He had
+taken out of it a little book on which his last looks had been cast, for
+the book was still open in his stiffened fingers. It was the New
+Testament; on the first leaf a light hand had traced in pencil, some
+letters, rubbed out, which one might think were a name. I have kept the
+volume, and on the white space, to the unknown name I have added, ‘Died
+at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863.’
+
+“During the night, the enemy had drawn back his pickets to the other
+side of the Emmitsburg Road, and left us free access to assist the
+wounded. The appearance of litters and ambulance wagons strengthened
+them, by giving them hope. They related their engagements of the evening
+before, and their sufferings during the night. One of them, pointing out
+the dead lying around him, said: ‘This one lived only till sundown; that
+one lasted until about midnight. There is one who was still groaning but
+an hour ago.’
+
+“Continuing my walk, I came near a large isolated rock. It might have
+been eight or ten feet high, and fifteen or twenty feet broad. Rounding
+on the side towards the enemy, but flat as a wall on the opposite side,
+it had served as an advanced post for one of our companies, probably
+belonging to Stannard’s brigade. What had happened there? Had they been
+surprised by the rapid advance of the enemy? Had they tried to shelter
+themselves behind that stone during the fight? Had the firing of
+canister by our guns rendered retreat impossible? Had they refused to
+surrender? No one, to my knowledge, escaped to tell. Whatever was the
+cause, there were twenty lying there cut down by lead and steel, and
+amongst the pile I recognized the uniform of an officer and the chevrons
+of a sergeant.
+
+“When I returned to the center of my line, the ambulances were at work,
+and squads detailed from each regiment picked up the arms which were
+scattered by thousands over the field. A little later my command was
+relieved, and again took its position of the evening before.
+
+“Some reconnaissances sent out to look for the enemy had not far to go
+to find him. His pickets were still on the edge of the woods in front of
+the Seminary Heights. We afterwards learned that he expected, during the
+whole day, that we would attack, hoping to get revenge. But General
+Meade, content with his victory, would not take the risk of compromising
+it by leaving his position before Lee had abandoned his, in which he
+acted wisely, whatever may have been said to the contrary.
+
+“The afternoon was thus spent in first picking up our wounded and
+afterwards those of the enemy. The ambulance wagons were hardly enough
+for the work. The litter-bearers placed the wounded along our lines,
+where they had to await their turn to be taken to the rear. We did what
+we could to make the delay as short as possible, for many of them were
+brave Southern boys, some having enlisted because they honestly believed
+it was their duty, others torn by force from their families, to be
+embodied in the Rebel army by the inexorable conscription. After the
+defeat, they were resigned, without boasting, and expressed but one
+wish: that the war would terminate as soon as possible, since the
+triumph of the North appeared to be but a question of time.
+
+“I recall to mind a young man from Florida who told me his history. His
+name was Perkins, and he was scarcely twenty years old. The only son of
+aged parents, he had in vain endeavored to escape service. Tracked
+everywhere by the agents of the Richmond government, he had been forced
+to take up the musket, and had done his duty so well that he had been
+rapidly promoted to sergeant. In the last charge of the day before, he
+had had his left heel carried away by a piece of shell, and his right
+hand shattered by a canister shot. One amputation, at least, probably
+two, was what he had to expect; and yet he did not complain. But when he
+spoke of his aged parents awaiting his return, and of the sad condition
+in which he would re-enter the paternal home, his smile was more
+heart-breaking than any complaint. In order that his wounds might be
+sooner dressed, one of my aids, Lieutenant Houghton, let him have his
+horse, at the risk of marching on foot if we moved before he was
+returned.
+
+“The next night we passed in the rain. It always rains on the day after
+a great battle. On the morning following we discovered the enemy to be
+in full retreat. Seeing that the attack he expected did not come off,
+and fearing for the safety of his communications with the Potomac,
+General Lee could do nothing else but retire through the mountains,
+which he did during the night of the 4th and 5th of July. Then only
+began that disorder in his columns, and that confusion, the picture of
+which has been somewhat exaggerated; an almost inevitable consequence,
+besides, to that kind of a movement. Our cavalry began to harass him on
+the flanks, while the 6th Corps, having remained intact, pressed on his
+rear-guard.
+
+“The difficulties that General Sedgwick met in the Fairfield pass, where
+the enemy had intrenched, probably made General Meade fear that a direct
+pursuit would entail too great loss of time in the mountains. So,
+instead of following Lee in the valley of the Cumberland, he decided to
+march on a parallel line, to the east of the South Mountains.”
+
+
+ An Honest Man
+
+General E. P. Alexander, Chief of Artillery of Longstreet’s Corps, tells
+of a trade that occurred during the retreat from Gettysburg:
+
+“Near Hagerstown I had an experience with an old Dunkard which gave me a
+high and lasting respect for the people of that faith. My scouts had had
+a horse transaction with this old gentleman, and he came to see me about
+it. He made no complaint, but said it was his only horse, and as the
+scouts had told him we had some hoof-sore horses we should have to leave
+behind, he came to ask if I would trade him one of those for his horse,
+as without one his crop would be lost.
+
+“I recognized the old man at once as a born gentleman in his delicate
+characterization of the transaction as a trade. I was anxious to make
+the trade as square as circumstances would permit. So I assented to his
+taking a foot-sore horse, and offered him besides payment in Confederate
+money. This he respectfully declined. Considering how the recent battle
+had gone, I waived argument on the point of its value but tried another
+suggestion. I told him that we were in Maryland as the guests of the
+United States; that after our departure the Government would pay all
+bills left behind; and that I would give him an order on the United
+States for the value of his horse and have it approved by General
+Longstreet. To my surprise he declined this also. I supposed then that
+he was simply ignorant of the bonanza in a claim against the Government,
+and I explained that; and, telling him that money was no object to us
+under the circumstances, I offered to include the value of his whole
+farm. He again said he wanted nothing but the foot-sore horse. Still
+anxious that the war should not grind this poor old fellow in his
+poverty, I suggested that he take two or three foot-sore horses which we
+would have to leave anyhow, when we marched. Then he said, ‘Well, sir, I
+am a Dunkard, and the rule of our church is an eye for an eye, and a
+tooth for a tooth, and a horse for a horse, and I can’t break the rule.’
+
+“I replied that the Lord, who made all horses, knew that a good horse
+was worth a dozen old battery scrubs; and after some time prevailed on
+him to take two, by calling one of them a gift. But that night we were
+awakened about midnight by approaching hoofs, and turned out expecting
+to receive some order. It was my old Dunkard leading one of his
+foot-sores. ‘Well, sir,’ he said, ‘you made it look all right to me
+today when you were talking; but after I went to bed tonight I got to
+thinking it all over, and I don’t think I can explain it to the church,
+and I would rather not try.’ With that he tied old foot-sore to a fence
+and rode off abruptly. Even at this late day it is a relief to my
+conscience to tender to his sect this recognition of their integrity and
+honesty, in lieu of the extra horse which I vainly endeavored to throw
+into the trade. Their virtues should commend them to all financial
+institutions in search of incorruptible employees.”
+
+
+ Extracts from the Diary of Colonel Fremantle
+
+Colonel Fremantle, a member of the Cold Stream Guards, was a guest of
+the Army of Northern Virginia during the Gettysburg campaign. After the
+battle of Gettysburg, he returned to England and published “Three Months
+in the Southern States.” The following is a vivid extract, describing a
+part of the battle from the Confederate lines.
+
+“_July 1st (Wednesday)._ At 4.30 P.M. we came in sight of Gettysburg,
+and joined General Lee and General Hill, who were on the top of one of
+the ridges which form a peculiar feature of the country round
+Gettysburg. We could see the enemy retreating up one of the opposite
+ridges, pursued by the Confederates with loud yells. The position into
+which the enemy had been driven was evidently a strong one. His right
+appeared to rest on a cemetery, on the top of a high ridge to the right
+of Gettysburg, as we looked at it.
+
+“General Hill now came up and told me he had been very unwell all day,
+and in fact he looks very delicate. He said he had two divisions
+engaged, and had driven the enemy four miles into the present position,
+capturing a great many prisoners, some cannon, and some colors. He said,
+however, that the Yankees had fought with a determination unusual to
+them.
+
+“_July 2nd (Thursday)._ At 2 P.M. General Longstreet advised me, if I
+wished to have a good view of the battle, to return to my tree of
+yesterday. I did so and remained there with Lawley and Captain
+Schreibert during the rest of the afternoon. But until 4.45 P.M. all was
+profoundly quiet, and we began to doubt whether a fight was coming off
+today at all. At that time, however, Longstreet suddenly commenced a
+heavy cannonade on the right. Ewell immediately took it up on the left.
+The enemy replied with equal fury, and in a few moments the firing along
+the whole line was as heavy as it is possible to conceive. A dense smoke
+arose for six miles; there was little wind to drive it away, and the air
+seemed full of shells—each of which appeared to have a different style
+of going, and made a different noise from the others. The ordnance on
+both sides is of a very varied description. Every now and then a caisson
+would blow up—if a Federal one, a Confederate yell would immediately
+follow. The Southern troops, when charging, or to express their delight,
+always yell in a manner peculiar to themselves. The Yankee cheer is much
+like ours, but the Confederate officers declare that the Rebel yell has
+a particular merit, and always produces a salutary effect upon their
+adversaries. A corps is sometimes spoken of as ‘a good yelling
+regiment.’
+
+“As soon as the firing began, General Lee joined Hill just below our
+tree, and he remained there nearly all the time, looking through his
+field-glasses, sometimes talking to Hill and sometimes to Colonel Long
+of his staff. But generally he sat quite alone on the stump of a tree.
+What I remarked especially was, that during the whole time the firing
+continued, he sent only one message, and received only one report. It
+evidently is his system to arrange the plan thoroughly with the three
+commanders, and then leave to them the duty of modifying and carrying it
+out to the best of their abilities.
+
+“When the cannonade was at its height, a Confederate band of music,
+between the cemetery and ourselves, began to play polkas and waltzes,
+which sounded very curious, accompanied by the hissing and bursting of
+the shells.
+
+“At 5.45 all became comparatively quiet on our left and in the cemetery;
+but volleys of musketry on the right told us that Longstreet’s infantry
+were advancing, and the onward progress of the smoke showed that he was
+progressing favorably; but about 6.30 there seemed to be a check, and
+even a slight retrograde movement.... A little before dark the firing
+dropped off in every direction, and soon ceased altogether. We then
+received intelligence that Longstreet had carried everything before him
+for some time, capturing several batteries and driving the enemy from
+his positions; but when Hill’s Florida brigade and some other troops
+gave way, he was forced to abandon a small portion of the ground he had
+won, together with all the captured guns, except three. His troops,
+however, bivouacked during the night on ground occupied by the enemy in
+the morning.
+
+“_July 3rd (Friday)._ At 2.30 P.M., after passing General Lee and his
+staff, I rode on through the woods in the direction in which I had left
+Longstreet. I soon began to meet many wounded men returning from the
+front; many of them asked in piteous tones the way to a doctor or an
+ambulance. The further I got, the greater became the number of the
+wounded. At last I came to a perfect stream of them flocking through the
+woods in numbers as great as the crowd in Oxford Street in the middle of
+the day. Some were walking alone on crutches composed of two rifles,
+others were supported by men less badly wounded than themselves, and
+others carried on stretchers by the ambulance corps, but in no case did
+I see a sound man helping the wounded to the rear unless he carried the
+red badge of the ambulance corps. They were still under heavy fire, the
+shells bringing down great limbs of trees, and carrying further
+destruction amongst this melancholy procession. I saw all this in much
+less time than it takes to write it, and although astonished to meet
+such vast numbers of wounded, I had not seen enough to give me any idea
+of the real extent of the mischief.
+
+“When I got close up to General Longstreet, I saw one of his regiments
+advancing through the woods in good order; so, thinking I was just in
+time to see the attack, I remarked to the General that ‘I wouldn’t have
+missed this for anything.’ Longstreet was seated at the top of a snake
+fence at the edge of the woods (Spangler Woods), and looking perfectly
+calm and unperturbed. He replied, laughing, ‘The devil you wouldn’t! I
+would like to have missed it very much; we’ve attacked and been
+repulsed: look there!’
+
+“For the first time I then had a view of the open space between the two
+positions, and saw it covered with Confederates slowly and sulkily
+returning towards us in small broken parties, under a heavy fire of
+artillery. But the fire where we were was not so bad as further to the
+rear; for although the air seemed alive with shells, yet the greater
+number burst behind us. The General told me that Pickett’s Division had
+succeeded in carrying the enemy’s position and captured his guns, but
+after remaining there twenty minutes, it had been forced to retire on
+the retreat of Heth and Pettigrew on his left....
+
+“Major Walton was the only officer with him (Longstreet) when I came
+up—all the rest had been put in the charge. In a few minutes Major
+Latrobe arrived on foot, carrying his saddle, having just had his horse
+killed. Colonel Sorrell was also in the same predicament, and Captain
+Goree’s horse was wounded in the mouth....
+
+“Soon after I joined General Lee, who had in the meanwhile come to that
+part of the field on becoming aware of the disaster. If Longstreet’s
+conduct was admirable, that of General Lee was perfectly sublime. He was
+engaged in rallying and in encouraging the broken troops, and was riding
+about a little in front of the woods, quite alone—the whole of his staff
+being engaged in a similar manner further to the rear. His face, which
+is always placid and cheerful, did not show signs of the slightest
+disappointment, or annoyance; and he was addressing to every soldier he
+met a few words of encouragement, such as, ‘All this will come right in
+the end: we’ll talk it over afterwards; but, in the meantime, all good
+men must rally. We want all good and true men just now.’ He spoke to all
+the wounded men that passed him, and the slightly wounded he exhorted
+‘to bind up their hurts and take up a musket’ in this emergency. Very
+few failed to answer his appeal, and I saw many badly wounded men take
+off their hats and cheer him. He said to me, ‘This has been a sad day
+for us, Colonel—a sad day; but we can’t expect always to gain
+victories.’ He was also kind enough to advise me to get into some more
+sheltered position as the shells were bursting round us with
+considerable frequency....
+
+“I saw General Wilcox come up to him, and explain, almost crying, the
+state of his brigade. General Lee immediately shook hands with him and
+said cheerfully, ‘Never mind, General, all this has been _my_ fault—it
+is I that have lost this fight, and you must help me out of it in the
+best way you can.’ In this manner I saw General Lee encourage and
+reanimate his somewhat dispirited troops, and magnanimously take upon
+his own shoulders the whole weight of the repulse.”
+
+
+
+
+ GETTYSBURG AND ITS MILITARY PARK
+
+
+The Gettysburg National Military Park lies entirely within the limits of
+Adams County, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg, the county-seat, is situated
+about 8 miles from the Mason and Dixon’s line, the southern boundary of
+the State. It was founded in 1780, and named for its founder, James
+Gettys.
+
+At the time of the battle the town had a population of about 2,000.
+Little did the quiet inhabitants expect that its peaceful environs—Oak
+Hill, Seminary Ridge, Culp’s Hill, Cemetery Hill, the Round Tops, and
+Devil’s Den—would witness the most sanguinary struggle of the Civil War,
+and that Gettysburg would gain a lasting fame, unequaled by the most
+noted battlefields of the Old World. Not even the commanders, Meade and
+Lee, knew where they would meet in battle array. Like two giant
+stormclouds, the two armies neared each other for days, neither
+foreseeing where they would mingle their lightnings in the storm of
+battle. Advance forces met and clashed while making reconnaissances—and
+Gettysburg and its vicinity was selected by accident rather than by
+design.
+
+What fame Gettysburg enjoyed was due chiefly to its College, then called
+Pennsylvania, now Gettysburg, and to its Lutheran Theological Seminary.
+The town had been the home for some years of Thaddeus Stevens, the
+“Great Commoner,” life-long champion of human rights, savior of the free
+school system of Pennsylvania, and after his removal to Lancaster, in
+1842, a brilliant leader in the House of Representatives during the war.
+The vicinity furnished its full quota of soldiers, though none of its
+companies except one, Company K, First Pennsylvania Reserves,
+participated in the battle, the rest being on duty elsewhere.
+
+The population of Gettysburg has increased to 5,500. The College and
+Seminary are still flourishing. The College has an enrollment of over
+600 students. A Reserve Officers Training Corps has been added to the
+course, and students are being instructed in military tactics by United
+States Army officers.
+
+The area of Gettysburg National Military Park, including East Cavalry
+Field 15 miles east of the town, and South Cavalry Field 3 miles south,
+is nearly 40 square miles. The part surrounding Gettysburg covers about
+24 square miles, and was the scene of the principal engagements on July
+1st, 2nd, and 3rd, 1863. The Government owns a total of 2,441 acres; the
+remainder is held by private owners.
+
+The first organization in charge of the battlefield was the Gettysburg
+Battlefield Memorial Association, upon which the Legislature of
+Pennsylvania, on April 30th, 1864, conferred the rights of a
+corporation. In 1867-68 the Legislature appropriated $6,000 to be
+applied to the purchase of portions of the battlegrounds and the general
+purposes for which the Association was incorporated. The money was used
+to secure the portion of Culp’s Hill upon which the breastworks were
+still standing; the section of East Cemetery Hill where Stewart’s,
+Reynolds’, Ricketts’, Cooper’s and Weidrick’s batteries were posted,
+where the lunettes still remain; and also a small piece of ground on the
+slope and summit of Little Round Top. This purchase was the nucleus of
+what became, by additional purchases of the Association and later of the
+Gettysburg National Park Commission, the present Gettysburg National
+Military Park.
+
+ [Illustration: View from Culp’s Hill.—Gettysburg’s fine trees. In
+ the distance is the Phillipoteaux Cyclorama with its vivid
+ representation of Pickett’s Charge]
+
+The Legislatures of the Northern States represented in the battle
+contributed various sums for the prosecution of the work, and from time
+to time new members of the Association were appointed. As the
+appropriations were received, additional land was acquired and avenues
+were laid out. The erection of monuments to the different regiments was
+begun by the State of Massachusetts in 1879. In 1894, the whole
+property, about 600 acres of land, with 17 miles of avenues, giving
+access to 320 monuments, was transferred to the United States
+Government. The Gettysburg National Military Park was established by Act
+of Congress, approved February 11th, 1895, and the Secretary of War
+appointed the Gettysburg National Park Commission: Colonel John P.
+Nicholson, Pennsylvania, Chairman, John B. Bachelder, Massachusetts, and
+Brigadier General William H. Forney, Alabama. Colonel E. B. Cope was
+selected as topographical engineer.
+
+Upon the death of General Forney, Major William M. Robbins, of North
+Carolina, was appointed to fill the vacancy. John B. Bachelder was
+succeeded by Major Charles A. Richardson, of New York. On the death of
+Major Robbins, General L. L. Lomax, of Virginia, was appointed. General
+Lomax died May 28th, 1913, and Major Richardson on January 24th, 1917.
+Colonel Nicholson, the last surviving member of the Commission, died on
+March 8th, 1922. All Commissioners, with the exception of John B.
+Bachelder, served in the Battle of Gettysburg, and he reached the field
+immediately after the battle, continuing his interest and his historical
+researches until his death. On the death of Colonel Nicholson, Colonel
+E. B. Cope was appointed Superintendent.
+
+The Park is a monument to the devotion of this Commission, in active
+operation for thirty years. Colonel Cope was succeeded (1931) by Colonel
+E. E. Davis, a native of Iowa, commissioned Major Quartermaster Reserve
+Corps, March 6th, 1917, who served overseas in the World War. Colonel
+Davis retired on July 16th, 1932. James R. McConaghie, native of Iowa, a
+graduate of Harvard College, 1st Lieutenant, 4th Infantry, 3rd Division
+in the World War, was appointed Superintendent February 8th, 1933.
+
+The development begun by the Association included laying out of avenues
+and erecting of regimental monuments, but nothing was done toward
+converting the avenues into permanent roads. The different lines of
+battle were not accurately marked, and important sections of land
+remained in private hands. By the end of the year the new Commission had
+made preliminary survey of 20 miles of avenues and proposed avenues,
+and, the following year, began construction. Gradually the whole field
+was made accessible by almost 35 miles of telford and macadam avenues.
+These avenues show the important positions occupied by the contending
+forces. Stone bridges were built across the streams. Miles of
+pipe-fencing and post-and-rail fencing were constructed, the former
+along the avenues indicating the battle-lines and the latter to enclose
+the Government land. Five steel observation towers were erected on
+prominent points, affording views in all directions.
+
+ [Illustration: Jennie Wade House.—Here Jennie Wade was killed while
+ baking bread. The house is practically unchanged: bullet-marks and
+ other injuries have been preserved]
+
+An important task of the Commission was the accurate marking of the
+lines of battle of the opposing forces. Prominent commanders of both
+armies visited the field and assisted in locating the positions of the
+corps, divisions, and brigades. Suitable monuments and markers were then
+erected, with bronze tablets inscribed with an account of the operations
+of each corps, division, and brigade.
+
+Markers also show the locations of the headquarters of the
+Commander-in-Chief, as well as of the corps commanders of both armies.
+Six equestrian statues have been erected by States; also, imposing State
+monuments by New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and
+Alabama. There are many smaller markers, placed by States and other
+organizations. Bronze statues of division and brigade commanders have
+been erected. There are a number of National Monuments; one in the
+National Cemetery, where Lincoln stood when making his immortal address
+at the dedication of the cemetery, November 19th, 1863; also one in the
+south end of the cemetery bearing a bust of Lincoln, and another on
+Hancock Avenue in memory of the troops of the Regular Army. All the
+positions held by the Regulars have been marked. The total number of
+monuments to date is 845. Four hundred and fifteen guns indicate the
+positions of the artillery brigades and battalions.
+
+The relief maps of the Gettysburg National Military Park, on exhibition
+at the office in the Federal Building, in Gettysburg, were designed by
+the Engineer of the Commission, Colonel E. B. Cope, and built under his
+supervision. The largest reproduces 24 square miles and correctly
+delineates all the topographical features of the Park. Many of the
+monuments and markers erected by the Commission were also designed by
+Colonel Cope. The imposing stone gateway at the entrance to Hancock
+Avenue was proposed by the Chairman, Colonel Nicholson, and designed by
+the Engineer. This gateway is built of native granite taken from the
+battlefield.
+
+Celebrations, reunions, dedications, and campfires almost without number
+have been held at Gettysburg, bringing to the field those who
+participated in the battle, their families and friends, and many other
+visitors. For many years, until a permanent camp was established at Mt.
+Gretna, the National Guard of Pennsylvania encamped on the field. The
+two greatest occasions were the Twenty-fifth Anniversary in 1888, and
+the Fiftieth Anniversary in 1913. The latter was attended by almost
+55,000 survivors of the two armies. Ample accommodations were provided
+for their comfort and enjoyment. The time extended over a period of
+eight days, June 29th to July 6th, and every State in the Union was
+represented. The men who had met as mortal enemies fifty years before
+now met as brothers. The American soldier is not only a good fighter but
+also a good friend. Many donned their uniforms of ’63, some of Blue and
+some of Gray, but in the wearers great changes had been wrought. The
+sturdy veterans who in the vigor of their youth met fifty years before
+in battle, returned grizzled with age and the ravages of war, many
+bearing scars. With keen interest, in pairs and groups, they moved from
+place to place relating to each other their experiences. In startling
+contrast to the 45,000 casualties of ’63 there were only seven deaths,
+and these from the infirmities of age and natural causes. The President
+of the United States and many able speakers from all sections of the
+country made addresses to large audiences. It was an event never to be
+forgotten and did much finally to heal the animosities engendered by the
+war.
+
+On July 3, 1922, Marines from Quantico, Va., under the command of
+Brigadier-General Smedley D. Butler, repeated Pickett’s Charge as it was
+made in 1863, and on July 4th conducted it as such a charge would be
+made under present warfare conditions with modern equipment and
+maneuvers. President Harding, General Pershing, and many others
+prominent in the State and Nation enjoyed the display.
+
+ [Illustration: Culp’s Hill.—Here the Union troops held their line
+ late in the afternoon of the second day.]
+
+For many years the West Point Military Academy seniors visited the
+field, usually in the month of May, remaining several days in order to
+study the strategical and tactical features of the battle in preparation
+for a required thesis. These visits have been discontinued since the
+World War.
+
+In May, 1917, a training-camp for World War soldiers was established
+within the limits of the Park. The 4th, 7th and 58th Regiments of U. S.
+Infantry were transferred from El Paso, Texas, augmented by recruits,
+and divided into six United States Regular Regiments, viz.: 4th, 7th,
+58th, 59th, 60th, and 61st. After being trained they were sent either to
+other camps or to the battlefields of France. During the year 1918 a
+unit of Tank Service was trained on the battlefield.
+
+The fortifications remaining within the park include a line of
+earthworks on Culp’s Hill, which was thrown up by the Union troops of
+the 12th Corps. On East Cemetery Hill there are a number of lunettes at
+the position held by the Union batteries. The stone wall along the west
+side of Hancock Avenue, extending from the Taneytown Road to some
+distance south of the Angle, where Armistead crossed it in Pickett’s
+Charge, is well preserved, and practically the same as at the time of
+the battle. There are some stone walls on the south side of Little Round
+Top that were erected and used by the Union forces. At the base of Big
+Round Top and along Seminary Ridge are long stone walls, erected and
+used by the Confederates. The boulders in the vicinity of Devil’s Den
+and the Round Tops afforded natural defences for both armies. A line of
+earthworks on South Hancock Avenue is still in good condition.
+
+ [Illustration: The Virginia Memorial.—The bronze group represents
+ the various arms of the Confederate service. Above is a portrait
+ statue of General Lee. The Memorial is the work of F. W. Sievers.]
+
+The physical features of the Park are both varied and interesting.
+Standing in bold relief in the background at a distance of about 8 miles
+is a continuation of the Blue Ridge, designated locally as the South
+Mountain. This range, bounding the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and the
+Cumberland Valley of Pennsylvania, screened the advance of the
+Confederate Army, and it was at the Cashtown Gap that General Lee
+ordered a concentration of his forces before his advance on Gettysburg.
+
+The entire surface of the Park consists of low ridges and intervening
+valleys, beginning on the north in Herr’s Ridge, upon which Heth’s
+Division was deployed at the opening of the battle on July 1st. Opposite
+this ridge, and extending in the same direction, is McPherson Ridge,
+where the Union cavalry forces under Buford were deployed. Along
+Willoughby Run, which flows between these ridges, the battle opened on
+July 1, 1863. The next elevation, immediately north and west of the
+town, is known as Oak Ridge at its northern extremity and as far south
+as the Chambersburg Pike; from this point to its southern extremity it
+is called Seminary Ridge, taking its name from the yet existing Lutheran
+Theological Seminary. It was held by the Union Army on the first day of
+the battle and formed its principal line of defence. On the second and
+third days it was the principal Confederate line.
+
+Seminary Ridge at its southern extremity drops off to a small ravine
+beyond which is Warfield Ridge, which extends in a southerly direction
+opposite Big Round Top; this formed the right of the Confederate line of
+battle on the second and third days.
+
+South and southwest of the town is Cemetery Ridge, of which Big Round
+Top and Little Round Top are spurs, named from the Evergreen Cemetery
+and the site of the National Cemetery after the battle.
+
+ [Illustration: Ricketts’ Battery.—Ricketts’ Battery on East Cemetery
+ Hill was remanned four times. Owing to the slope, the guns could not
+ be sufficiently depressed, and the defenders fought with sticks and
+ stones]
+
+Cemetery Ridge formed the main line of battle of the Union Army during
+the battles of the 2nd and 3rd. A short distance east of the cemetery it
+bends sharply to the right, forming two rocky and wooded prominences,
+Culp’s Hill and Spangler’s Hill. Between Seminary Ridge on the west and
+Cemetery Ridge on the east, a low ridge along the line of the Emmitsburg
+Road is designated Emmitsburg Road Ridge. This extends to the Peach
+Orchard. It was crossed on the afternoon of the 3rd by the assaulting
+column of Pickett’s Charge, and is one of the interesting points of the
+battle. Another ridge on the west front of Little Round Top contains
+Devil’s Den, a mass of enormous granite rocks, apparently tossed in
+confusion by some giant hand. In this picturesque spot Longstreet made
+his famous assault against the Union left on the afternoon of July 2nd.
+The trend of these various ridges conforms generally to that of the Blue
+Ridge.
+
+ [Illustration: Guns Supporting Pickett’s Charge.—These guns took
+ part in the great artillery duel which preceded Pickett’s Charge]
+
+There are no large streams on the battlefield. The largest is Marsh
+Creek, only a small part of which is within the Park area. On the east
+is Rock Creek, extending the whole length of the Park, so named on
+account of the immense boulders within the channel and along the
+borders. On the north and west of Gettysburg is Willoughby Run, also
+extending the entire length of the Park and flowing south to Marsh
+Creek. Another small stream is Plum Run, near the center, beginning on
+the Codori farm and running south through the gorge at the Round Tops;
+this was crossed and recrossed by both armies during the second and
+third days. Lying wholly within the Potomac basin, all the streams flow
+south.
+
+The highest point within the Park is Big Round Top on the south, which
+rises to an elevation of 786 feet, and is visible for miles in all
+directions. From Big Round Top, Little Round Top, Culp’s Hill, Cemetery
+Hill, and Oak Hill there are extensive panoramic views. Aside from the
+historic association there is much in the magnificent and beautiful
+scenery to interest the visitor. In the woods and meadows, in the glens
+and vales of the battlefield there are romantic and charming bits of
+landscape. The prospect from the National Cemetery as the sun disappears
+behind the South Mountain is one of great beauty and impressiveness.
+
+A large portion of the Park is covered with timber, chiefly the
+different varieties of oak, hickory, ash, poplar, elm, gum, cedar, and
+pine. Many of the groves are forests primeval, and in the fall the lofty
+pines of Big Round Top, contrasting with the crimson of the gigantic
+oaks covering it from base to summit and the gray-lichened surface of
+the massive boulders, form a striking and beautiful picture. Much care
+is given to the protection of the groves, in order to preserve the
+original condition of the field. Tree-surgery has prolonged the lives of
+trees of special historic interest. Visitors return year after year in
+spring to see the glorious masses of dogwood and redbud.
+
+ [Illustration: Center of Union Line.—The center of the Union line,
+ showing the Angle and the rounded clump of trees toward which
+ Pickett directed his charge]
+
+ [Illustration: High-Water Mark.—This monument, erected close to the
+ rounded clump of trees toward which Pickett directed his charge,
+ marks the turning-point of the conflict]
+
+East Cavalry Field, 3 miles east of Gettysburg, is the point from which
+Stuart’s Cavalry started to move round the right wing of the Union Army
+in order to reach the rear of Meade’s line at the time of Pickett’s
+Charge. South Cavalry Field, 3 miles south of Gettysburg, was held by
+Farnsworth’s Brigade of Kilpatrick’s Division, and Merritt’s Brigade of
+Buford’s Division. All these positions have been marked with suitable
+tablets. The Cavalry Fields, though not contiguous to the main field,
+are important parts of the National Military Park.
+
+Gettysburg has two railroads: the Philadelphia & Reading, and the
+Western Maryland, affording service from all points. Ten roads radiate
+from the town like the spokes of a wheel, and these provide ample
+approaches. The Lincoln Highway, entering via the Chambersburg Pike and
+continuing on the York Pike, gives a through route from west to east,
+and the Harrisburg Road leads directly to the State Capital. The
+Emmitsburg Road runs southwest to Emmitsburg, and thence to Frederick
+and Washington. The Baltimore Pike is a through route to Baltimore and
+the South. The Hanover Road runs to Hanover on the east. There are also
+the Taneytown and Hagerstown roads, the latter the line of General Lee’s
+retreat.
+
+A uniformed guide service with an established schedule of rates was
+authorized by the Secretary of War in 1916. No person is allowed to act
+as guide for pay without being examined and licensed by the
+Superintendent of the Park. There are interesting collections of Civil
+War relics at the Jennie Wade House, the Lee Museum, and other places. A
+single year has brought 800,000 visitors to the field. The average
+yearly number is 700,000.
+
+
+
+
+ THE SOLDIERS’ NATIONAL CEMETERY
+
+
+Of the eighty-three cemeteries in the United States dedicated
+exclusively to the burial of soldiers, that at Gettysburg was the first.
+
+A few days after the battle, Governor A. G. Curtin, of Pennsylvania,
+solicitous for the welfare of the soldiers, came to Gettysburg and
+appointed David Wills, a leading attorney, to act as his agent in the
+work of establishing a cemetery. Correspondence with the governors of
+other States was begun. Grounds were selected by Mr. Wills, and by the
+direction of Governor Curtin purchased for the State of Pennsylvania, to
+provide a burial-place for soldiers who fell in the battle.
+
+Lots in the cemetery were tendered without cost to each State having
+dead upon the field. The expense of removing the bodies, laying out,
+ornamenting and enclosing the grounds, erecting a lodge for the keeper,
+and erecting a suitable monument to the memory of the dead, was to be
+borne by the several States, assessed in proportion to their population.
+
+The seventeen acres of land which were purchased lie on Cemetery Hill
+adjoining the Citizens’ Cemetery, at the apex of what had been the
+triangular battle-line of the Union Army, and an important tactical
+position on July 2nd and 3rd. At the time of the battle this land was a
+cornfield, divided by stone fences which were used to great advantage by
+the infantry of the Union Army. The most elevated portions had been
+points of vantage for many batteries of artillery.
+
+The land was surrounded on the west, east, and north by a substantial,
+well-built wall of native granite, topped by a heavy dressed coping. A
+division fence of iron was erected between the Soldiers’ National
+Cemetery and the Citizens’ Cemetery.
+
+The plans and designs for the laying out of the cemetery were prepared
+by William Saunders, an able landscape gardener of the Department of
+Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A semi-circular plan for the arrangement
+of the graves was adopted. The ground allotted to each State converges
+upon a central point. The size of each plot was determined by the number
+of graves belonging to each State. The bodies were placed side by side
+in parallel trenches with a space of twelve feet to each parallel and
+with a grass path between the rows of graves. The outer section is
+lettered A, and so on in alphabetical order. Two feet of space was
+allowed to each body, and a person standing in the center of the
+semi-circle and facing the circumference reads the names from left to
+right. The bodies are laid with the heads towards the center. The
+headstones are uniform in size and contain the name, regiment and
+company of each soldier so far as it was possible to obtain them.
+Another lot was set apart for the soldiers of the Regular Army. The
+graves of the unknown dead are located at each end of the semi-circle.
+
+On the 27th of October, 1863, the work of exhumation was begun under the
+supervision of Samuel Weaver, a citizen of Gettysburg. It was completed
+on March 18th, 1864. The number of bodies exhumed and interred in the
+cemetery was 3,512, including 158 taken up by the authorities of Boston.
+Of the total number, 979 were unknown. Later other bodies were
+discovered and added, and the total interred was 3,734. Many other Union
+dead were sent to their family burial places. The Confederate bodies
+remained in the original trenches until 1870-73, when 3,320 were
+transferred to southern cemeteries.
+
+The central point of the semi-circle from which Lincoln delivered his
+address is now occupied by the National Monument, one of the finest on
+the field. It is 60 feet in height; the pedestal, 25 feet square at the
+base, is crowned by a colossal statue representing the Genius of
+Liberty. Projecting from the angles are four buttresses, each supporting
+an allegorical statue. War is personified by an American soldier.
+History, a figure with stylus and pen, records the achievements and
+names of the dead. Peace is typified by a statue of an American
+mechanic; Plenty by a female figure with a sheaf of wheat. The main die
+of the pedestal is panelled. Upon one of the panels is inscribed an
+extract from Lincoln’s Address.
+
+From the point where this monument stands, a magnificent view is
+presented to the beholder. Sloping gradually toward the north and the
+west, the entire cemetery is spread out as a beautiful panorama, showing
+on a carpet of green the semi-circle of graves, the driveways lined with
+rows of splendid maples, spruces, birches, magnolias, and many other
+trees, as well as many clumps of shrubbery filling the intervals
+between. A view from this point as the sun sinks behind the distant
+range of the South Mountain is one long to be remembered.
+
+Standing at the upper end of the cemetery is a lesser monument in the
+form of an exedra, the center of which contains a bust of Lincoln. Two
+panels, one to the left, the other to the right, contain inscriptions;
+one giving David Wills’ letter of invitation to President Lincoln to
+attend the dedicatory exercises on November 19th, 1863; the other,
+Lincoln’s immortal address in its entirety.
+
+Opposite this monument is the Rostrum from which the memorial addresses
+are now delivered. The first memorial exercise was held on May 30th,
+1868, establishing a custom continued until this day. Among the speakers
+of recent years, either in the cemetery or on adjoining sections of the
+Park, have been Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Coolidge, and
+Hoover; Vice-President Curtis; Pennsylvania Governors Sproul and
+Pinchot, and Honorable James J. Davis.
+
+ [Illustration: Airplane View.—The National Cemetery with its curving
+ rows of headstones]
+
+
+
+
+ LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG
+
+
+No action of the battle itself has been more variously reported than the
+visit of President Lincoln at the time of the dedication of the National
+Cemetery on November 19, 1863. A wise collector and judge among many
+conflicting accounts is Dr. William E. Barton, noted Lincoln scholar,
+who in his “Lincoln at Gettysburg” has assembled all available material.
+
+Dr. Barton gives various interesting reasons why Lincoln chose to come
+to Gettysburg, though his presence was not very earnestly desired by the
+committee of arrangements. His ability as anything but a political
+speaker had not been demonstrated, and it was feared that he might spoil
+the occasion. Until two weeks before the dedication, the only invitation
+sent him was one of the printed circulars mailed to all national
+officials, congressmen, and others.
+
+ [Illustration: National Monument.—On the site of National Monument
+ stood the platform from which Abraham Lincoln delivered his immortal
+ address]
+
+He was eager, Dr. Barton thinks, to see the field of Gettysburg. He had
+rejoiced in the victory, and had deplored with equal earnestness Meade’s
+cautious policy in making no pursuit. He wished to urge the people to
+renewed devotion to the cause which at that moment did not look
+altogether promising. He wished also, Dr. Barton believes, to counteract
+the impression made by a cruel slander which had wide circulation. Again
+and again newspapers inimical to him had published an account of his
+visit to the Antietam battlefield a year earlier, asserting that he had
+asked his friend Ward Hill Lamon to sing a ribald song as they drove
+about among the unburied dead.
+
+ [Illustration: Lincoln Memorial.—Memorial in honor of Lincoln’s
+ Address
+ Henry K. Bush-Brown, Sculptor]
+
+Lincoln turned a deaf ear to most slanders, but this touched him to the
+quick. It was not unlikely that he longed to prove the libel false by a
+visit to another battlefield. The story continued to be told, however,
+throughout his life.
+
+Following is Ward Hill Lamon’s account of the visit to Gettysburg, from
+his “Recollections of Lincoln.” It is the opinion of the author of this
+book, an eye-witness, that the reception which Lamon describes had other
+causes than failure to value Lincoln’s words. The address was intended
+to be merely a simple dedication which would not naturally be followed
+by applause. The audience had stood through the address of Edward
+Everett which occupied two hours, and through a prayer and musical
+numbers in addition. Many of the crowd were turning away—they turned
+back and listened earnestly, but with no impulse to applaud.
+
+At the time of the dedication, Mr. Lamon was chief marshal of the parade
+and was with Lincoln on the platform when the address was delivered.
+Lamon writes:
+
+ ... A day or two before the dedication of the National Cemetery at
+ Gettysburg, Mr. Lincoln told me that he would be expected to make a
+ speech on the occasion; that he was extremely busy, and had no time
+ for preparation; and that he greatly feared he would not be able to
+ acquit himself with credit, much less to fill the measure of public
+ expectation. From his hat (the usual receptacle for his private notes
+ and memoranda) he drew a sheet of foolscap, one side of which was
+ closely written with what he informed me was a memorandum of his
+ intended address. This he read to me, first remarking that it was not
+ at all satisfactory to him. It proved to be in substance, if not the
+ exact words, what was afterwards printed as his famous Gettysburg
+ speech.
+
+ After its delivery on the day of commemoration, he expressed deep
+ regret that he had not prepared it with greater care. He said to me on
+ the stand, immediately after concluding the speech: “Lamon, that
+ speech won’t scour! It is a flat failure, and the people are
+ disappointed.” (The word “scour” he often used in expressing his
+ conviction that a thing lacked merit, or would not stand the test of
+ close criticism or the wear of time.) He seemed deeply concerned about
+ what the people might think of his address; more deeply, in fact, than
+ I had ever seen him on any public occasion. His frank and regretful
+ condemnation of his effort, and more especially his manner of
+ expressing that regret, struck me as somewhat remarkable; and my own
+ impression was deepened by the fact that the orator of the day, Mr.
+ Everett, and Secretary Seward both coincided with Mr. Lincoln in his
+ unfavorable view of its merits.
+
+ [Illustration: The Rostrum.—From the vine-draped Rostrum many famous
+ speakers have addressed the throngs that visit Gettysburg on
+ Memorial Day]
+
+ The occasion was solemn, impressive, and grandly historic. The people,
+ it is true, stood apparently spellbound; and the vast throng was
+ hushed and awed into profound silence while Mr. Lincoln delivered his
+ brief speech. But it seemed to him that this silence and attention to
+ his words arose more from the solemnity of the ceremonies and the
+ awful scenes which gave rise to them, than anything he had said. He
+ believed that the speech was a failure. He thought so at the time, and
+ he never referred to it afterwards, in conversation with me, without
+ some expression of unqualified regret that he had not made the speech
+ better in every way.
+
+ On the platform from which Mr. Lincoln delivered his address, and only
+ a moment after it was concluded, Mr. Seward turned to Mr. Everett and
+ asked him what he thought of the President’s speech. Mr. Everett
+ replied, “It is not what I expected from him. I am disappointed.” Then
+ in his turn Mr. Everett asked, “What do you think of it, Mr. Seward?”
+ The response was, “He has made a failure, and I am sorry for it. His
+ speech is not equal to him.” Mr. Seward then turned to me and asked,
+ “Mr. Marshal, what do you think of it?” I answered, “I am sorry to say
+ that it does not impress me as one of his great speeches.”
+
+ In the face of these facts it has been repeatedly published that this
+ speech was received by the audience with loud demonstrations of
+ approval; that “amid the tears, sobs, and cheers it produced in the
+ excited throng, the orator of the day, Mr. Everett, turned to Lincoln,
+ grasped his hand and exclaimed, ‘I congratulate you on your success!’
+ adding in a transport of heated enthusiasm, ‘Ah, Mr. President, how
+ gladly would I give my hundred pages to be the author of your twenty
+ lines!’” Nothing of the kind occurred. It is a slander on Mr. Everett,
+ an injustice to Mr. Lincoln, and a falsification of history. Mr.
+ Everett would not have used the words attributed to him, in the face
+ of his own condemnation of the speech uttered a moment before, without
+ subjecting himself to the charge of being a toady and a hypocrite; and
+ he was neither one or the other.
+
+ As a matter of fact, the silence during the delivery of the speech,
+ and the lack of hearty demonstrations of approval immediately after
+ its close, were taken by Mr. Lincoln as certain proof that it was not
+ well received. In that opinion we all shared. If any person then
+ present saw, or thought he saw, the marvelous beauties of that
+ wonderful speech, as intelligent men in all lands now see and
+ acknowledge them, his superabundant caution closed his lips and stayed
+ his pen. Mr. Lincoln said to me after our return to Washington, “I
+ tell you, Hill, that speech fell on the audience like a wet blanket. I
+ am distressed about it. I ought to have prepared it with more care.”
+ Such continued to be his opinion of that most wonderful of all his
+ platform addresses up to the time of his death.
+
+
+ HARVEST
+
+ Only the seasons and the years invade
+ These quiet wheatfields where the Armies crashed.
+ And mockingbirds and quail fly unafraid
+ Within the forest where the rifles flashed.
+ Here where the bladed wings of death have mown
+ And gleaned their harvestry of golden lives,
+ The fruitful seeds of corn and wheat are sown,
+ And where the cannon smoked, an orchard thrives.
+
+ Long are the war years over, with their pain,
+ Their passionate tears and fury, and the sun
+ Lies hot and yellow on the heavy grain,
+ And all the fighting on these fields is done.
+ But in their peace, the quivering heart recalls
+ The youth that bled beside these old stone walls.
+
+ —Agnes Kendrick Gray.
+ _By Permission of the Author._
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+The principal source of data for this work is the “War of the Rebellion
+Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.” The appended list
+of other sources has been made for those who wish to make an extended
+study.
+
+ Annals of the War McClure
+ Attack and Defense of Little Round Top Norton
+ Abraham Lincoln Charnwood
+ Abraham Lincoln, Life of Barton
+ Battles and Leaders, 4 vols. Century Co.
+ Battle of Gettysburg Young
+ Battle of Gettysburg Comte de Paris
+ Battle of Gettysburg Haskell
+ Barlow, Major-General, at Gettysburg N. Y. Mon. Com.
+ Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg Fiebeger
+ Campaigns of the Civil War Geer
+ Civil War Papers Mass. O. L. L.
+ Chancellorsville and Gettysburg Doubleday
+ Confederate Portraits Bradford
+ Four Years with the Army of the Potomac de Trobriand
+ From Manassas to Appomattox Longstreet
+ Gettysburg Then and Now Vanderslice
+ Gregg’s Cavalry Fight at Gettysburg Rawle
+ Hays, Gen. Alexander, Life and Letters Fleming
+ Lee, Gen. R. E., Recollections and Letters of Capt. R. E. Lee
+ Lee, Gen. R. E., Personal Reminiscences of Jones
+ Lee, Gen. R. E., Memoirs of Long
+ Lincoln and His Generals Macartney
+ Maine at Gettysburg Maine Com.
+ Meade, Maj.-Gen., Life of Bache
+ Meade at Gettysburg, With George G. Meade
+ Meade, General George Gordon Pennypacker
+ Military Memoirs of a Confederate Alexander
+ Numbers and Losses in the Civil War Livermore
+ New York at Gettysburg, 3 vols. N. Y. Mon. Com.
+ Pennsylvania at Gettysburg Pa. Mon. Com.
+ Recollections of Lincoln Lamon
+ Regimental Losses in the Civil War Fox
+ The War between the States Stevens
+ The War between the Union and the Confederacy Oates
+ Reminiscences of the Civil War Gordon
+ Stuart’s Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign Mosby
+
+In addition to the many histories and biographies which include the
+battle among their subjects, there are novels, short stories, and poems
+whose authors have made a careful study of Gettysburg as a background.
+Among them are the following:
+
+
+ John Brown’s Body—Benet
+ Cease Firing—Johnston
+ Gettysburg: Stories of the Red Harvest and the Aftermath—Singmaster
+ _For Young People_
+ Emmeline—Singmaster
+ A Boy at Gettysburg—Singmaster
+ Sewing Susie—Singmaster
+
+
+
+
+ ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
+ Major-General George G. Meade
+
+
+ First Corps
+ John F. Reynolds, Major General
+ John Newton, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. James S. Wadsworth 1. Solomon Meredith, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General 2. Lysander Cutler, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. John C. Robinson 1. Gabriel R. Paul, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General 2. Henry Baxter, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Abner Doubleday 1. Thomas Rowley, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Roy Stone, Col.
+ 3. George J. Stannard, Brig. Gen.
+
+ Second Corps
+ Winfield S. Hancock, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. John C. Caldwell 1. Edward E. Cross, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Patrick Kelly, Col.
+ 3. Samuel K. Zook, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. John R. Brooke, Col.
+ 2. John Gibbon 1. William Harrow, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General 2. Alexander Webb, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Norman J. Hall, Col.
+ 3. Alexander Hays 1. Samuel S. Carroll, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Thomas A. Smyth, Col.
+ 3. George L. Willard, Col.
+
+ Third Corps
+ Daniel E. Sickles, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. David D. Birney 1. Charles K. Graham, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. J. H. Hobart Ward, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Regis de Trobriand, Col.
+ 2. Andrew A. Humphreys 1. Joseph B. Carr, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General 2. Wm. R. Brewster, Col.
+ 3. George C. Burling, Col.
+
+ Fifth Corps
+ George Sykes, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. James Barnes 1. William S. Tilton, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Jacob B. Sweitzer, Col.
+ 3. Strong Vincent, Col.
+ 2. George Sykes 1. Hannibal Day, Col.
+ Major General 2. Sidney Burbank, Col.
+ Romeyne B. Ayres 3. Stephen Weed, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General
+ 3. Samuel W. Crawford 1. William McCandless, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Joseph W. Fisher, Col.
+
+ Sixth Corps
+ John Sedgwick, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. Horatio G. Wright 1. Alfred T. A. Torbet, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General 2. Joseph J. Bartlett, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. David A. Russell, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. Albion P. Howe 1. Lewis A. Grant, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Thomas H. Neill, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. John Newton 1. Alexander Shaler, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Henry L. Eustis, Col.
+ Frank Wheaton 3. Frank Wheaton, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General
+
+ Eleventh Corps
+ Oliver O. Howard, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. Francis C. Barlow 1. Leopold von Gilsa, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Adelbert Ames, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. Adolph von Steinwehr 1. Charles Coster, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Orlando Smith, Col.
+ 3. Carl Schurz 1. Alexander Schimmelfennig, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. W. Krzyzanowski, Col.
+
+ Twelfth Corps
+ Henry W. Slocum, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. Alpheus S. Williams 1. Archibald L. McDougal, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Henry H. Lockwood, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Thomas H. Huger, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. John W. Geary 1. Charles Candy, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. George A. Cobham, Col.
+
+ Cavalry
+ Alfred Pleasanton, Major General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. John Buford 1. William Gamble, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Thomas C. Devin, Col.
+ 3. Wesley Merritt, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. David McM. Gregg 1. John B. McIntosh, Col.
+ Brigadier General 2. Pennock Ruey, Col.
+ 3. J. Irvin Gregg, Col.
+ 3. Judson Kilpatrick 1. Elon J. Farnsworth, Brig. Gen.
+ Brigadier General 2. George A. Custer, Brig. Gen.
+
+ Chief of Artillery, Brigadier-General Henry J. Hunt
+ Number of guns belonging to the Artillery, 362
+ Number of guns at Gettysburg, 354
+
+
+
+
+ ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA
+ General Robert E. Lee
+
+
+ First Corps
+ James E. Longstreet, Lieutenant General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. Lafayette McLaws 1. John B. Kershaw, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. William Barksdale, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Paul J. Semmes, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. William T. Wofford, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. George E. Pickett 1. Richard B. Garnett, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. James L. Kemper, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Lewis A. Armistead, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. John B. Hood 1. Evander Law, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Jerome B. Robertson, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. George T. Anderson, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. Henry L. Benning, Brig. Gen.
+
+ Second Corps
+ Richard S. Ewell, Lieutenant General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. Jubal A. Early 1. Harry T. Hays, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Robert F. Hoke (Isaac E. Avery), Brig. Gen.
+ 3. William Smith, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. John B. Gordon, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. Edward Johnson 1. George H. Steuart, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. James A. Walker, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Francis T. Nicholls (J. M. Williams), Brig.
+ Gen.
+ 4. John M. Jones, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Robert E. Rodes 1. Junius Daniel, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Alfred Iverson, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. George Doles, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. Stephen D. Ramseur, Brig. Gen.
+ 5. Edward A. O’Neil, Brig. Gen.
+
+ Third Corps
+ Ambrose P. Hill, Lieutenant General
+
+ Divisions Brigades
+ 1. Richard H. Anderson 1. Cadmus M. Wilcox, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Ambrose R. Wright, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. William Mahone, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. Edward A. Perry (David Lang), Brig. Gen.
+ 5. Garnet Posey, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. Henry Heth 1. James J. Pettigrew, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. John M. Brockenbrough, Col.
+ 3. James J. Archer, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. Joseph R. Davis, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. William D. Pender 1. James H. Lane, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General 2. Edward L. Thomas, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Alfred M. Scales, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. Samuel McGowan (Abner Perrin), Brig. Gen.
+ 4. James E. B. Stuart 1. Wade Hampton, Brig. Gen.
+ Major General (Cavalry) 2. Beverly H. Robertson, Brig. Gen.
+ 3. Fitzhugh Lee, Brig. Gen.
+ 4. Wm. H. F. Lee (John R. Chambliss), Brig. Gen.
+ 5. William E. Jones, Brig. Gen.
+ Valley District and
+ Department of Western
+ Virginia (Cavalry and
+ mounted Infantry).
+ 1. Albert G. Jenkins, Brig. Gen.
+ 2. John D. Imboden, Brig. Gen.
+
+ Chief of Artillery, William N. Pendleton
+ Number of guns, 272
+
+ [Illustration: NORTH CAROLINA MONUMENT
+ Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor]
+
+
+
+
+ Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+—Silently corrected a few typographical errors.
+
+—Retained copyright information from the printed edition (which has
+ entered the public domain in the U.S.)
+
+—In the text versions, enclosed italicized text within _underscore
+ characters_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Battle of Gettysburg, by William C. Storrick
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG ***
+
+***** This file should be named 50504-0.txt or 50504-0.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+ http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/5/0/50504/
+
+Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
+be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
+States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
+specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
+eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
+for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
+performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
+away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
+not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
+trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
+
+START: FULL LICENSE
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
+person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
+1.E.8.
+
+1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
+Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country outside the United States.
+
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
+on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+
+ This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+ most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+ restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+ under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+ eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
+ United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
+ are located before using this ebook.
+
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
+other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
+Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+provided that
+
+* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+ the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+ you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+ to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
+ agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+ Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+ within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+ legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+ payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+ Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+ Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+ Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+ you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+ does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+ copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+ all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
+ works.
+
+* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+ any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+ electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+ receipt of the work.
+
+* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+ distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
+Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
+www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
+mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
+volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
+locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
+Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
+date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
+official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+
+ Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+ Chief Executive and Director
+ gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
+state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
+facility: www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.