Add math algorithms and small improvements

algorithms/geometry/geometry_functions.cpp

algorithms/graph/articulations_bridges.cpp

algorithms/graph/bellman_ford.cpp

algorithms/graph/dinic.cpp

algorithms/graph/edmonds_karp.cpp

algorithms/graph/ford_fulkerson.cpp

algorithms/graph/hopcroft_karp.cpp

algorithms/graph/kosaraju.cpp

algorithms/graph/lca.cpp

algorithms/graph/prim.cpp

algorithms/math/big_integer.cpp

algorithms/math/binary_exponentiation.cpp

algorithms/math/euler_totient.cpp

algorithms/math/extended_euclidean.cpp

algorithms/math/legendre.cpp

algorithms/math/linear_recurrence.cpp

algorithms/math/matrix.cpp

algorithms/math/modular_multiplicative_inverse.cpp

algorithms/paradigm/longest_common_subsequence.cpp

algorithms/paradigm/ternary_search.cpp