add new algorithms, change others

caderno/caderno.tex

fontes/binary-lifting.cpp

fontes/convex-hull.cpp

fontes/crivo.cpp

fontes/extended-gcd.cpp

fontes/fast-pow.cpp

fontes/fenwick-2d-tree.cpp

fontes/fenwick-range-tree.cpp

fontes/fenwick-tree.cpp

fontes/geometry.cpp

fontes/gnu.cpp

fontes/iterative-lazy-segment-tree.cpp

fontes/kmp.cpp

fontes/kosaraju.cpp

fontes/kruskal.cpp

fontes/lazy-segment-tree-alt.cpp

fontes/lazy-segment-tree.cpp

fontes/lcm.cpp

fontes/matrix-mult.cpp

fontes/merge-sort.cpp